1. Energy Primer: Some Background on Energy Systems Economics 331b Yale University Note: These slides are products of a large number of scholars in the natural and social sciences. Implicit thanks go to all who have made these available. 1

2. 2

3. Some Important Units of Measurement 3

4. Units Scientific units: 1 Joule (J) is the MKS unit of energy, equal to the force of one Newton acting through one meter. 1 Watt is the power of a Joule of energy per second Multiplicative measures; kilo-x = 10^3 xmega-x = 10^6 x giga-x = 10^9 xtera-x= 10^12 x peta-x = 10^15 xexa-x = 10^18 x Commonly used non-scientific units: A BTU (British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit (F). 1 BTU = 252 cal = 1.055 kJ “barrel of oil” = 42 gallons =1/7 of a metric ton 4

5. Units of energy system 5 Source: Gruebler et al., Energy Primer

6. Heat content of fuels Mbtu GJ 1 barrel of crude oil 5.80 6.12 1 ton of crude oil 39.68 41.87 1 short ton of coal 25.18 26.57 1000 ft 3 of natural gas 1.000 1.055 1 MBtu = 10 6 Btu (IT) 1 GJ = 10 9 J 6

7. Examples of Power and Energy (ranked by power ratings) Power W Time (Seconds) Energy J (Ws) Solar energy to earth per year1.8 10^173.2 10^75.6 10^24 Earthquake 8 Richter scale2.0 10^153.0 10^16.0 10^16 Global energy use for 20001.4 10^133.2 10^74.4 10^20 Thunderstorm (kinetic energy)1.0 10^111.2 10^31.2 10^14 Space shuttle lift-off1.2 10^101.2 10^21.4 10^12 B 747 flight Tokyo-Frankfurt1.1 10^84.0 10^44.4 10^12 Energy/day for a supermarket2.0 10^54.3 10^48.6 10^9 Daily metabolism of adult1.0 10^28.6 10^48.6 10^6 Burning a small candle3.0 10^01.8 10^35.4 10^3 Source: Nakicenovic 7

8. Schematics and cartoons 8

9. 9 Overview of energy system Energy resources (oil in ground,…) Capital, labor, … Energy fuels (gasoline, electricity, …) Capital, labor, … Energy goods and services (passenger miles, warm house, hot coffee, … Non-energy goods and services Utility: U(c 1, c 1, …, c n )

10. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2007 (Quadrillion Btu) Source: Energy Information Agency 10

11. 11 More detailed overview of the energy system 11

12. Basic data and trends for the US 12

13. 13 Energy politics

14. Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2000 (Quadrillion Btu) Source: Energy Information Agency 14

15. Energy Consumption by Source, US Source: Energy Information Agency 15

16. Energy Production by Source for 2000, U.S. Source: Energy Information Agency 16

17. 17

18. Energy Consumption by End Use, US Source: Energy Information Agency 18

19. Petroleum Overview, US Source: Energy Information Agency 19

20. Source: EIA 20

21. Transportation Energy Consumption, US Source: Energy Information Agency 21

22. Motor Vehicle Indicators, US Source: Energy Information Agency 22

23. Vehicle ownership per person, 1900-2002 Source: IPCC, AR4, Mitigation 23

24. Coal Production by Mining Method, US Source: Energy Information Agency 24

25. Coal Consumption by Sector, US Source: Energy Information Agency 25

26. Source: Energy Information Agency 26

27. Nuclear Power Plant Licenses Issued, US Source: Energy Information Agency 27

28. Renewable Energy, US Source: Energy Information Agency 28

29. Renewable Energy, 2008, US Source: Energy Information Agency 29

30. Map on Solar Potential, US 30

31. Map of Wind Potential, US (wind speed) 31

32. Basic data and trends for the world 32

33. 33 Total Fossil Energy Resources, Global ZJ = Zeta-joule or 10 21 Joule or thousands of Exajoules Source: Nakicenovic

34. Global energy resources Source: Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use. 34

35. Potential global renewable energy Source: Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use. 35

36. World Crude Oil Production, 1973-2008 Source: Energy Information Agency 36

37. Shares of world energy consumption Source: IPCC Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use. 37

38. Shares of world energy consumption Source: EIA 38

39. Energy intensity of production Source: IPCC Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use. 39

40. PRICES 40

41. 41 Source: Nordhaus, based on BLS

42. 42 Source: Nordhaus, based on EIA oil prices and BLS CPI.

43. Energy goods v. energy services A key issue in measurement is the difference between energy goods or inputs and energy outputs or services. E.g., ounce of whale oil v. lumen; gallon of gasoline v. (vmt, comfort, safety, noise, …) Production function: Energy services = f(capital, labor, fuel, infrastructure,…) Basic point: There have been vast improvements in energy services per unit of primary energy over time (call it “efficiency”) 43

44. The price of fuel for lighting 44 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

45. The long-term price of light 45 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

46. The long-term price of light 46 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

47. The Price of Passenger Transport (per Passenger-Km-Hour), 1650-2000 47 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

48. The Price of Passenger and Freight Transport (per Passenger and Tonne-Kilometre-Hour), 1840-2000 48 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

49. The Price of Freight Transport (per Tonne-Kilometre), 1250-2000 49 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

50. Some environmental indicators 50

51. 51 CO 2 concentrations at Mauna Loa

52. 52 Instrumental record: global mean temperature index (°C)

53. Greenhouse gas emissions, 2004 Source: IPCC, AR4, Mitigation 53

54. CO2 emissions and concentrations Source: IPCC, AR4, Science 54

55. 55 Trend in CO2 emissions relative to GDP, US

56. Global decarbonization 56

57. Decarbonization by country 57

58. Source: Muller, Nordhaus, Mendelsohn, 2008. External cost and wholesale price, power, US Wholesale price of power External costs of generation (air, …)

59. 59 Source: Climate priced at $30 per ton C. Electricity at 8.4 cents per kwh. Muller, Nordhaus, Mendelsohn, 2008. Ratio of External Costs to Electricity Price, Different Generation Types, With and Without Climate Charge

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