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Published byTodd Austin Modified over 9 years ago
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HOW GEOGRAPHERS LOOK AT THE WORLD
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5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY 1. Location : Where is it? 2. Place: What is it like? 3. Region : How are places similar or different? 4. Movement : How do people, goods, and ideas move from one location to another? 5. Human-Environment Interaction : How do people relate to the physical world
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GEOGRAPHER’S TOOLS
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GLOBES AND MAPS Globe : 3D scale model of the Earth Map : flat representation of all of part of the planet Cartographer : map maker
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GREAT CIRCLE ROUTES DEF: an imaginary line that follows the curve of the Earth and represents the shortest distance btwn 2 pts.
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MAP PROJECTION DEF: a mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map Problem: DISTORTION ---size, shape, distance, area, and direction can be affected
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TYPES OF MAP PROJECTIONS 3 major categories 1. PLANAR PROJECTION : project an image of the Earth onto a geometric plane Distortions: greatest accuracy at the center Use: maps of the Poles
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TYPES CONTINUED 2. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION : project Earth’s image onto a cylinder Distortions: accurate at Equator and toward Poles Use: navigation
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TYPES CONTINUED 3. CONIC PROJECTION : Earth’s surface projected onto a map formed into a cone Distortion: Shape relatively accurate Use: mid-latitude regions
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OTHERS WINKEL TRIPEL : balance btwn overall size and shape of land areas shown ROBINSON PROJECTION : sizes and shapes near eastern and western edges are accurate GOODE’S INTERRUPTED EQUAL AREA PROJECTION : shows true size and shape of landmasses
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DETERMINING LOCATION
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GRID SYSTEM LINES OF LATITUDE (PARALLELS) : circle the Earth parallel to the Equator; measure distance to the north and south of the Equator Equator = 0°, North Pole= 90°N, South Pole= 90°S
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GRID CONTINUED LINES OF LONGITUDE (MERIDIANS) : lines that connect the North and South Poles; Run N-S but measure distance East and West of the PRIME MERIDIAN (0°) INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE : 180° from Prime Meridian
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ABSOLUTE LOCATION Def: exact location Each degree is divided into 60 minutes (‘); each minute is divided into 60 seconds (“)
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RELATIVE LOCATION Def: location in relation to other places Ex: Dallas is southeast of Denton
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USING MAPS
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PARTS OF A MAP Purpose (title) Time period Legend/Key: identifies symbols/icons on map Compass Rose: indicates directions -- CARDINAL DIRECTIONS : North, South, East, West -- INTERMEDIATE DIRECTIONS : NE, SE, etc…
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PARTS CONTINUED Lines: represent human activity --can also represent physical features Colors distinguish btwn human and physical features Colors also can show ELEVATION : height above sea level
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PARTS CONTINUED SCALE : represents consistent, proportional relationship btwn measurements on map and actual Earth measurements Small-scale: shows a large area with very little detail Large-scale: shows a small area with a great amount of detail
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TYPES OF MAPS
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PHYSICAL MAP Shows location and topography of land features Highlights general relief (variation in elevation)
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POLITICAL MAP Shows boundaries and locations of political units
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THEMATIC MAP Emphasizes a particular theme or subject
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MENTAL/INTERNAL MAP Your perception of features of the Earth’s surface
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GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES
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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) Determines exact location (lat./long.) Uses a network of 24 satellites Triangulates position
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) Programs that process and organize details about places on Earth and integrate those details with satellite images and other info. Primary function: link locations with attributes found there
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SATELLITE Natural or man-made Orbit a planet or other large body Good for REMOTE SENSING : getting info on a subject w/o physically touching the object
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PART 2: THE GEOGRAPHER’S CRAFT How does geography help us interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future?
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SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE Def: a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another Why things are where they are Connections btwn ecosystems and human societies
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ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY
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THE WORLD IN SPATIAL TERMS SITE : the specific location of a place, including its physical setting SITUATION : the geographic position of a place in relation to other places or features of a larger region
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PLACES AND REGIONS REGION : area that can be defined by physical traits and human characteristics 3 types: 1: FORMAL REGION : defined by a common characteristic 2: FUNCTIONAL REGION : central place and the surrounding territory linked to it 3: PERCEPTUAL REGION : defined by popular feelings and images rather than objective data
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PHYSICAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS Physical: climate, land, water, plants, animal life ECOSYSTEM : a community of plants and animals that depend upon one another and their surroundings for survival Human/Cultural: political, economic, social, and cultural
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ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Called Human-Environment Interaction The ways in which people use their surroundings And the consequences
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GEOGRAPHY AND OTHER SUBJECTS Geo’s obtain data from numerous fields Death rates, disease, natural disasters, census data All show FLUCTUATIONS (shift from a previous condition) in population
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