1. IHY Workshop A PERSONAL VIEW OF SOLAR DRIVERS for Solar Wind Coronal Mass Ejections Solar Energetic Particles Solar Flares

12. Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events observed in the Interplanetary Medium (IPM): * Large (L)SEP events (~tens per year at solar maximum) - dominated by >10 MeV protons normal coronal composition and charge states - associated with fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) large flares (sometimes missing) gradual soft X-ray bursts * Electron - 3 He-rich SEP events (~10 3 s per year at solar maximum) - dominated by ~ 1-100 keV electrons and ~ MeV/nuc 3 He enhanced Fe, Mg, Si, S; high charge states - associated with small flares/coronal microflares Type III radio bursts impulsive soft X-ray bursts

23. π 0 Decay Nonthermal Bremsstrahlung Thermal Bremsstrahlung Composite Solar Flare Spectrum Positron and Nuclear Gamma-Ray lines T = 2 x 10 7 K T = 4 x 10 7 K

29. Results Comparison: 23 July 2003, 00:30:00 - 00:30:20 White: Johns & Lin (1992) Red: Piana et al. 0th order regularization

30. Contours of an 8”'' FWHM Gaussian source with its associated albedo patch. (factor of 2 contours) The green contours show the levels of integrated albedo flux. The 2 nd green (~35''x100'') contour contains 75% of the albedo flux, assumed here to be 50% of the primary source flux. WITH IMAGING DOWN TO THE 1% LEVEL AND ZERO NOISE RHESSI-NESSI-II -- 24-27 March 2004 E J Schmahl (2004) 6% 3% 1.5%

31. Pileup Corrections: Use only those photons for which the live-time > 80% No albedo With albedo

41. Active Region 9901

42. Coronal Source 10-12 keV 12-14 keV14-16 keV

43. Temperature Distribution (I) (04/15 23:11:00 UT)

44. (From Ohyama & Shibata 1998) Cartoon of Flare Model

45. (From Lin 2003) Flux Rope Model

46. Inner Heliosphere is unexplored Phenomena of critical importance to LWS (solar wind and CME origin and evolution, SEP acceleration) occur in the Inner Heliosphere No in situ measurements inside 0.3 AU and only Helios (two decades ago) between 0.3 and ~1 AU New diagnostics and technology available for inner heliosphere missions Multi-point measurements with a range of radial distances and longitudes (latitudes) desired

47. Missions being developed: STEREO - 2006 Solar B - 2006 Solar Dynamics Observatory - 2008 Missions being studied: Solar Orbiter (ESA) - ~0.2 AU Solar Probe - ~3 solar radii Inner Heliospheric Sentinels - ?