1. Percentage Composition of Hydrates Purpose: Determine the percent of water in a hydrate. Hydrates are ionic compounds that have a definite amount of water as part of their structure. This water is released as vapor when the hydrate is heated. The remaining solid is known as the anhydrous salt. In this experiment, a hydrate of copper sulfate will be studied: CuSO 4 *5H 2 O  CuSO 4 + 5H 2 O Blue White

2. Materials: Bunsen burnerCuSO 4 Ring stand/ringBalance Evaporating dishStirring rod Meshcrucible tongs

3. Pre cautions 1.Protect eyes and skin – wear aprons and goggles 2.Follow all lab safety rules 3.Tie back loose clothing and hair, remove dangling jewelry. 4. Report all accidents and glass breakages to the teacher 5.Remove notes and papers or any other flammable materials from the lab table. 6.Know the location of the fire extinguisher and fire blanket 7.Make sure that the opening of the burner is free of any debris 8.Make sure the burner tube is not cracked or damaged and is securely in place before you start the next step 9.Make sure the burner is on level and flat on the surface 10. coordinate turning the gas valve on only when you and your partner are ready to light the striker

4. 11.Shut of gas supply if unable to light and try again 12.Close the air vents by rotating the barrel to the right (Clockwise) until it stops. 13. Get ready to turn the gas on at the stopcock. Light striker then turn on the stopcock. Bring the striker to the top of the barrel. 14. Rotate the barrel counterclockwise to open the air vents. (If you open the vent too far, the flame may blow out again. If this happens, turn off the gas, close the gas control valve a little bit more, then light the flame again.)

5. 1.If the flame is to large slowly turn down the flame 2.turn off the burner as soon as you no longer need it 3. never leave an unlighted burner unattended 4.Now adjust the air vents until your flame distinct inner blue cone

6. Precautions Clean and dry the evaporating dish Place the empty evaporating dish on the mesh and heat it for 3 minutes. Using tongs, remove the dish and allow to cool for several minutes. use tongs to pick up the dish ; it is hot. report all accidents to the teacher Do not touch the copper sulfate with your bare hands.Copper sulfate is toxic Wash hands

7. Data and Calculations: Mass of water lost: ________________ Experimental % of water lost (part divided by whole, x100): ______________ Theoretical % of water lost(CuSO 4 *5H 2 O): _______________ Percent Error (Theoretical – Experimental) / Theoretical x 100: _______________

8. Precautions

9. http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/ Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/fla shfiles/stoichiometry/empirical.html