1. The Cardiovascular System Chapter 17, 18, 19 The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types

2. BLOOD

3. Components of BLOOD Add this chart into your notes. Blood Component FUNCTIONMisc. PLASMA BLOOD CELLSErythrocytes (RED blood cells/RBC) Leukocytes (WHITE blood cells/WBC) PLATELETSThrombocytes

5. PLASMA Liquid portion of the blood. Carries nutrients & other substances Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste

6. RED BLOOD CELLS Erythrocytes –Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. –Do not have a nucleus –Live only about 120 days. –Cannot repair themselves –Determine blood type

7. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Leukocytes –Fight infection –Formed in the bone marrow –Five types: 1.Neutrophils 2.Lymphocytes 3.Eosinophils 4.Basophils 5.Monocytes

8. PLATELETS Thrombocytes –Clot blood by sticking together – via protein fibers called fibrin. –These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow

9. ABO BLOOD TYPES Blood type is determines by the presence or absence of blood proteins called ANTIGENS located on the surface of the erythrocytes. There are also ANTIBODIES on the surface of erythrocytes. When incompatible blood proteins mix, agglutination (blood clumping) results.

10. BLOOD TYPES There are 3 alleles that determine 4 blood types: –A (dominant) –B (dominant) –O (recessive) Type A = AA, Ao Type B = BB, Bo Type AB = AB Type O = oo

11. ABO blood groups Blood Type Antigens Agglutinogen Antibodies Agglutinins Can receive from… AAAnti-BA, O BBAnti-AB, O AB NoneA, B, AB, O Universal recipient OnoneAnti-A Anti-B O Universal donor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oz4Ctau8mC8

12. Eucharistic Miracles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6 SH93arrIEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6 SH93arrIE

13. When Things Go Wrong: BLOOD Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

14. The Closed Circulatory System Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. –The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. –Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

15. BLOOD VESSELS

17. 3 TYPES Arteries  arterioles Take blood away from the heart 3 layers thick Veins  Venules Returns blood to the heart 3 layers thick Contain VALVES to prevent backflow of blood Capillaries One cell layer thick Form “capillary beds” Where gas exchange occurs O 2 leaves capillaries and enters body cells CO 2, a waste product of cellular respiration, enters capillaries

18. BLOOD VESSELS Three layers of blood vessels: 1)Tunica intima (all types of BV) Innermost layer Single thin layer of endothelium Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow The only tunic of capillaries

19. BLOOD VESSELS 2)Tunica media (arteries & veins) Bulky middle coat Contains smooth muscle and elastin The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation 1)Tunica externa (arteries & veins) Outermost layer Supporting, protective coat Also called the adventitia

20. THREE LAYERS OF BLOOD VESSELS

21. *Yellow = must know for quiz VEINS 1.vertebral 2.brachiocephalic 3.superior vena cava 4.brachial 5.inferior vena cava 6.renal 7.radial 8.common iliac 9.internal iliac 10. CROSS OUT 11.posterior tibial 12. internal jugular 13. subclavian 14. axillary 15. cephalic 16. hepatic 17. median cubital 18. ulnar 19. femoral 20. popliteal 21. CROSS OUT 22. anterior tibial

22. ARTERIES 1.external carotid 2.vertebral 3.brachiocephalic 4.brachial 5.renal 6.aorta 7.radial 8.common iliac 9.internal iliac 10.popliteal 11.anterior tibial 12. internal carotid 13. common carotid 14. subclavian 15. axillary 16. celiac trunk 17. superior mesenteric 18. ulnar 19. external iliac 20. femoral 21. posterior tibial

23. When Things Go Wrong: BLOOD VESSELS Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

24. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Average blood pressure in aorta MAP=CO x PR –CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per minute CO=SV x HR –SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat –HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO –PR is total resistance against which blood must be pumped

25. Factors Affecting MAP

26. THE HEART

27. INTERNAL 1. SA node 2. AV node 3. AV bundle (Bundle of His) 4. Bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers 6. Pulmonary valve 7. Aortic valve 8. Mitral (bicuspid) valve 9. Tricuspid valve RIGHT side LEFT side

28. 8. Mitral (bicuspid) valve 9. Tricuspid valve EXTERNAL 1.Right atrium 2.Left atrium 3.Right ventricle 4.Left ventricle 5.Superior vena cava 6.Inferior vena cava 7.Aorta 8.Pulmonary trunk 9.Left pulmonary artery 10.Right pulmonary artery 11.Right pulmonary veins 12.Left pulmonary veins 13.Coronary circulation 14.Apex 15.Ligamentum arteriosum

29. The HEART  Cardiac muscle tissue  Highly interconnected cells  FOUR chambers Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle

31. Function of the Heart Valves

32. Blood Flow Through Heart

33. Circuits Pulmonary Circulation –The blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart. Systemic Circulation –The pathway between the heart and the rest of the body

34. Coronary Circulation From RIGHT side of heart To outer muscle of heart Back to LEFT side of heart

35. Size, Shape, Location of the Heart Size of a closed fist Shape –Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone –Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum

36. Pericardium

37. Heart Wall Three layers of tissue –Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart –Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting –Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

38. Heart Wall

39. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

40. Heart Skeleton Consists of plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles Fibrous rings around valves to support Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles Provides site for muscle attachment

41. Cardiac Muscle Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei Contains actin and myosin myofilaments Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit

42. Conducting System of Heart

43. Electrical Properties Resting membrane potential (RMP) present Action potentials –Rapid depolarization followed by rapid, partial early repolarization. Prolonged period of slow repolarization which is plateau phase and a rapid final repolarization phase –Voltage-gated channels

44. Action Potentials in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

45. SA Node Action Potential

46. Refractory Period Absolute: Cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation Relative: Cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation Long refractory period prevents tetanic contractions

47. Electrocardiogram Action potentials through myocardium during cardiac cycle produces electric currents than can be measured Pattern –P wave Atria depolarization –QRS complex Ventricle depolarization Atria repolarization –T wave: Ventricle repolarization

48. Cardiac Arrhythmias Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people

49. Alterations in Electrocardiogram

50. Cardiac Cycle Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure. –Contraction of heart produces the pressure

51. Cardiac Cycle

52. Events during Cardiac Cycle

53. Heart Sounds First heart sound or “lubb” –Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole Second heart sound or “dupp” –Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer Third heart sound (occasional) –Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one-third of diastole

54. Location of Heart Valves

55. When Things Go Wrong: HEART Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

56. Effects of Aging on the Heart Gradual changes in heart function, minor under resting condition, more significant during exercise Hypertrophy of left ventricle Maximum heart rate decreases Increased tendency for valves to function abnormally and arrhythmias to occur Increased oxygen consumption required to pump same amount of blood