1. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Chapter 1: Ancient America and Africa The Peoples of America Before Columbus Africa on the Eve of Contact Europe on the Eve of Invading the Americas Conclusion: The Approach of a New Global Age

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Peoples of America Before Columbus

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Migrations to the Americas Earliest arrivals about 35,000 B.C.E.  Land bridge 600 miles wide connecting Asia with Alaska  Nomadic bands from Siberia hunting big-game animals Main migration between 11,000 and 14,000 years ago  Perhaps multiple migrations by sea and land

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Hunters, Farmers, and Environmental Factors Migration southward and eastward Paleo-Indian era: 14,000 to 10,000 years ago  Hunting Pleistocene mammals - megafauna Archaic era: 10,000-2,500 years ago Agricultural revolution  c. 5000 B.C.E.  Settled village life replaced nomadic existence  Regional trading networks formed By about 500 B.C.E. hundreds of small independent kin-based groups

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Mesoamerica Large-scale societies in Mexico Olmec and Toltec civilizations  1600-400 BC Aztecs  Capital at Tenochtitlán -200,000 inhabitants -located on an island in Lake Texcoco  Hierarchical society -Nobility, free commoners, serfs, slaves  Skilled hydraulic engineers -"floating gardens" artificially created islands where produce was grown -aqueduct supplied fresh water

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Expansion of the Aztec Empire

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Regional North American Cultures Pre-Columbian era  Diversity, many small groups Pueblo people, by 1200 C.E.  Planned villages, farming, terracing, irrigation Northwest Pacific coast  Plank houses, fishing, less agriculture Great Plains to Atlantic tidewater  Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskhogean, Siouan

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana An Anasazi Village

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Early Mound Builders  Massive earthen complexes  Numerous burial and effigy mounds -10,000 mounds in Ohio Mississippian culture, from about 600 C.E.  Centered at Cahokia near St. Louis  Wide influence and contacts -Wisconsin to Louisiana and Oklahoma to Tennessee Regional North American Cultures

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Serpent Mound in southwest Ohio

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Cahokia

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Mississippian Culture Shrine Figures

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Northeast Indians  Mixed agriculture, hunting, fishing  Waterside villages  Migrated seasonally Southeast  Long-distance trade  Elaborate pottery and baskets  Some earthmoving Regional North American Cultures

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Iroquois  Near Lake Ontario  Loose confederation -Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca  Palisaded villages and longhouses  Communal living -Bounty divided among all Iroquois

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Contrasting Worldviews Indian and European attitudes differ markedly  “Civilized” versus “savage”  Relationship with nature  Land ownership  Social hierarchy – except for Aztec, Inca  Matrilineal versus patrilineal organization  Gender roles  Role of trade  Religious conceptions

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Africa on the Eve of Contact

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Kingdoms of Central and West Africa Varied landscape, varied cultures  Sophisticated agricultural techniques and livestock management Nok peoples, modern Nigeria  Ironworking by 450 B.C.E. Ghana Empire  Extensive urban settlement  Long-distance commerce  Plentiful gold Islam  spreads into Sub-Saharan areas by 1000 C.E.

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Spread of Islam in Africa, c. 1500 C.E.

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Mali Empire  Grows under Mansa Musa  Agriculural production and gold trade  Timbuktu Songhai Empire  Niger River  Farmers, traders, fishermen, and warriors  Sonni Ali and Muhammad Ture Kongo and Benin  Centers of slave trade The Kingdoms of Central and West Africa

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Western African Kingdoms

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The African City of Loango

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana African Slavery Result of warfare or crime  Slaveowning a mark of status  Slaves have rights – education, marriage, parenthood  Not necessarily slaves for life  Slavery not automatically passed on to children Family the root of individual identity

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana African Ethos Family  Basic unit of social organization  Often matrilineal Religion  Supreme Creator  Animist – nature spirits  Importance of the dead, and intercessors King at the top of society  Supported by nobles and priests

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Europe on the Eve of Invading the Americas

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Rebirth of Europe Renaissance  Based on trade  Recovery after Black Death of 1300s Political centralization  But limitations, e.g. Magna Carta Peasant class in the process of transformation

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana A Procession in Venice

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Centralizing & Expanding Stronger monarchs create bigger armies Exploration  Driven by trade motives  Find source of African gold Portuguese lead exploration  With royal support  Technological advances

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Religious Wars

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: The Approach of a New Global Age

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: The Approach of a New Global Age The 1500s in West Africa, Europe, Americas Development of West African empires Renaissance Europe  Maritime technology Aztec and Inca Empires Mound-building societies decentralizing

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Timeline