1. 1. What is something that you can do that you have been able to do since birth? 2. What is one behavior that you learned by watching someone else? 3. Give an example of animal signals used in courtship, finding food or to establishing a territory. Ch. 51 Define:  Pheromones  Habituation  Learning  Cognitive map Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognition

2. 1. What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior? 2. Explain the difference between kinesis and taxis. 3. What are the 4 common modes of animal communication? Ch. 51 Define: Foraging Sexual Selection Monogamy Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry Agonistic behavior Altruism Kin selection Inclusive fitness Reciprocal altruism

3. Ch. 51 1. What do you think is the advantage for a species to be: Monogamous? Polygamous? 2. Describe an example of when you have participated in reciprocal altruism.

4. Chapter 51 Animal Behavior

5. You Must Know: The difference between a kinesis and a taxis Various forms of animal communication The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection

6. Introduction Ethology: study of animal behavior Behavior: what an animal does and how it does it Both genetic & environmental factors Essential for survival and reproduction Subject to natural selection over time

7. Understanding behavior Proximate cause: “how” a behavior occurs or is modified Ultimate cause: “why” a behavior in context of natural selection A courting pair of East Asian red-crowned cranes.

8. BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback. ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.

9. Innate behaviors are inherited Innate = all members of population have same behavior Fixed action patterns (FAPs): sequence of unlearned acts Triggered by sign stimulus Ensures that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice Eg. goose & egg

10. Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern

11. Kinesis: simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus Taxis: automatic movement, oriented movement +/- from stimulus (eg. phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis) Directed Movements Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment. Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which most food comes.

12. Migration Regular, long-distance change in location Environmental cues: sun, stars, earth’s magnetic field, landmarks

13. Signals & Communication: Pheromones – chemicals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species (eg. Queen bee, fruit fly, fish) Visual signals – eg. Warning flash of white of a mockingbird's wing Tactile (touch) – eg. Male fruit fly taps female fly Auditory signals – screech of blue jay or song of warbler Courtship behavior of fruit flies

14. Honeybee dance language Used to inform other bees about distance and direction of travel to food sources

15. Learning = modification of behavior based on specific experiences

16. Types of Learning 1. Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information Simple form of learning 2. Imprinting: learning + innate components Limited to sensitive period in life, generally irreversible ie. Lorenz’ imprinting in greylag geese

17. BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother. PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling. ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

18. Captive breeding programs for endangered species must provide proper imprinting models Pilot wearing crane suit acts as a surrogate parent to teach young whooping cranes a migration route

19. 3. Spatial Learning Cognitive Map: internal representation of spatial relationship among objects in an animal’s surroundings Birds use spatial maps to relocate nut caches

20. Nest No nest Nest Some organisms move in response to a recognized object or environmental cue, a landmark.

21. 4. Associative Learning: ability to associate one stimulus with another (eg. monarchs = foul taste) A. Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome (eg. Pavlov’s dogs: salivate with ringing bell)

22. B. Operant conditioning: another type of associative learning Trial-and-error learning Associate its own behavior with reward or punishment

23. 5. Cognition: process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, judgment Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition

24. 6. Social learning: learning by observing others Vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls.

25. Examples of learned animal behavior Nut-cracking crow (2:16) Nut-cracking crow TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows (11:34) TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows Chimpanzee problem solving (1:02) Chimpanzee problem solving Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation (2:14) Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation

26. Foraging: food-obtaining behavior Recognize, search for, capturing, and consuming food Minimize costs / Maximize benefits

27. Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior

28. Mating Behavior & Mate Choice Sexual selection: seeking and attracting mates, choosing and competing for mates PromiscuousMonogamous Polygamous (polygynous) Polyandry PartnersManyOne1 M + many F1F + many M StructureShowySimilarShowy maleShowy female CareNoneMuchMale = littleMale = none

30. Sexual selection Ornaments correlate in general with health and vitality

31. Agonistic behavior: threats, rituals, and sometimes combat; settles disputes over resources (mates)

32. Many behaviors have a strong genetic component Certain behaviors in prairie voles are under relatively strong genetic control ADH (vasopressin) triggers pair-bond formation and aggression by male voles

33. Differences in oxytocin (a hormone) receptors in 2 species of voles Monogamous prairie voles vs. promiscuous montane voles High oxytocin levels in prairie voles Low oxytocin levels in montane voles

34. Altruistic social behavior Altruism = selfless behavior Reduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others in population i.e. bee societies; naked mole rats Inclusive fitness: total effect of producing own offspring + helping close relatives Kin selection: type of natural selection; altruistic behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives

35. Think about it Geneticist J.B.S. Haldane: “I won’t lay down my life for one brother, but I would lay down my life for two brothers or eight cousins.”