2. Chapter 12 Review and Discussion

3. Geography of the Americas

4. The Olmecs, 1400 B.C.E-1200 B.C.E Founded the first American Civilization Laid the political foundation of the Mesoamerican societies

5. Teotihuacan (450 – 600 CE) It was a religious, artistic, and trade center that had great influence on succeeding civilizations. Elites – Controlled the state bureaucracy, tax collection and commerce – Powerful elites controlled the cities and the nearby towns and rural peasantry. Religion (animism) – Enormous pyramids dedicated to the sun, moon, and other gods were built along the central avenue. – Human sacrifice was carried out

6. THE MAYAN CIVILIZATION

7. Maya 300-900 The Maya established city-states Guatemala, Honduras, Belize and Southern Mexico united by a common culture but not unified by a common political or military system

8. Mayan Government Each Mayan city had its local leaders, but all the city-states were ruled by one king

9. The Maya (300-900) Military Primarily fought to secure military captives not territory Elite captives were mostly sacrificed Commoners enslaved Women Elite - participated in bloodletting rituals and other religious ceremonies Common – agricultural and textile production

10. What was life like for the Maya? Mayan people were farmers Priests were the highest people in the society The Maya worshipped nature: animals, plants, water and the planets

11. Mayan architecture Relied solely on man power, stone tools, and levers for the building projects

12. Mayan Accomplishments Had a system of hieroglyphics Practiced astrology-developed a 365 day calendar Developed a counting system using 0 on a system based on 20 Grew cotton, made cloth

13. The Mayan Ball Court Game: life or death with a little rubber ball… The Ball Court that was used for symbolic religious games.

14. Aztecs Lived in Modern Day Mexico Capital – Tenochtitlan (Mexico City today) Became an Empire and conquered other lands Spanish arrived in 16 th century

15. The Aztecs Society – Clan based – Around 1325, a monarchial system is established Kings increased wealth and power by territorial conquest Supported population by – Land reclamation projects, constructing irrigated fields, and chinampas

16. Aztec Society Emperor- Chosen by Council of Nobles and Priests Nobles and Priests Warriors – Common People Slaves Officials, governors, judges could attain a noble social status If they killed an enemy Farmers - Mostly captives or criminals (many were sacrificed to the Sun God)

17. The Aztecs Trade – No wheel vehicles, draft animals or money was used – Barter economy – Benefited from the tributary system Religion – Worshipped gods and goddesses – Huitzilopochtli (sun god) Required a diet of human hearts – Sacrificed thousands of people every year

18. THE AZTECS The Great Temple at Tenochtitlan

19. Aztec Empire Map

20. Tenochtitlan

21. The city was made up of a central square surrounded by pyramid-temples, palaces, gardens, zoos, schools & markets. This city reveals all that was the best of the Aztecs!

22. Chinampas: Floating Gardens By 1500, the Aztec empire spread from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean and numbered 30 million people. Conquered by the Spanish around 1519

23. Incas 1463 - 1532 Located in current day Peru By the early 1500’s, the Incan empire stretched 2500 miles – Andes to Pacific Coast (Ecuador to Chile)

24. Incas Empire – Built a huge empire in the Andes by 1525 – Developed a strong and professional army – Prosperity and military strength depended on herds of llamas and alpacas Rule – Generally left local rulers in place Took heirs as hostage – imperial bureaucracy led by a king King was required to prove himself by conquering new territories Religion (Sun god most important) – Rituals, feasts, sacrifices of textiles, animals, and other tribute goods, and occasional human Accomplishments – Construction of vast network of roads (13,000 miles)

25. Pachacuti, Ruled 1438-1471 The Supreme Ruler Pachacuti was the first INCA, or “supreme ruler” The INCA was thought to be a descendant of the sun god “Inti”

26. Cuzco: The Imperial Capital From Cuzco, the emperor ruled more than 10 million people There was a system of roads, tunnels, and rope bridges that connected the cities of the empire

27. Incan Road System: The Heart of the Empire allowed armies and news to travel rapidly around the empire. prohibited ordinary people from using the roads at all.

28. The Incas…built a complex civilization They imposed their own language and religion on the people. that relied on order and absolute authority The Incas strictly regulated the lives of millions of people within their empire. Government officials arranged marriages.

29. The Incas…built a complex civilization Community leaders assigned jobs to each family and organized the community to work the land. – Mit’a Farmers had to spend part of each year working land for the emperor and the temples. Government officials controlled the harvest.

30. Chosen Women of the Sun Played a key role and honor role in Incan religious rituals Started at age 8 and trained until age 16 where her fate would be decided – Made garments for the Sapa Inca – Most remained in house of seclusion in service of the Sun for most of their lives

31. CivilizationLocation Capital City Good Stuff YearsMaya The Maya were located mainly in the Yucatan Peninsula, and stretched to Belize & Guatemala TikalHieroglyphics 365 day calendar counting system using 0-20 1000 BCE to about 900 CE Aztec The Aztecs were located throughout Mexico The capital city, Tenochtitlan, now lies below Mexico city Built capital city over lake Texcoco Built aqueducts & causeways Had zoos, schools, etc.. 1200 CE To1500’s Inca Pacific Coast of Peru, in South America Cuzco, the Holy city System of roads, tunnels, & rope bridges Performed brain surgery 1300 CE to Early 1500’s