1. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes

2. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissues Histology is the study of tissuesHistology is the study of tissues

3. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissue Classification Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle NervousFour main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

4. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Epithelial Tissue Forms a protective covering for the bodyForms a protective covering for the body Is the main tissue of outer layer of skinIs the main tissue of outer layer of skin Forms membranes, ducts, and the lining of body cavities and hollow organsForms membranes, ducts, and the lining of body cavities and hollow organs

5. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structure of Epithelial Tissue Classification by shapeClassification by shape SquamousSquamous CuboidalCuboidal ColumnarColumnar Classification by arrangementClassification by arrangement SimpleSimple StratifiedStratified PseudostratifiedPseudostratified

6. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Simple epithelial tissues ZOOMING IN In how many layers are these epithelial cells? 1

7. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Stratified squamous epithelium

8. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Special Functions of Epithelial Tissue Traps foreign particlesTraps foreign particles Mucus-secreting (goblet) cellsMucus-secreting (goblet) cells CiliaCilia Self-repairs quicklySelf-repairs quickly

9. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Special features of epithelial tissues

10. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-1: Epithelium is classified according to cell shape. What are the three basic shapes?Checkpoint 4-1: Epithelium is classified according to cell shape. What are the three basic shapes? Squamous (flat)Squamous (flat) Cuboidal (square)Cuboidal (square) Columnar (long and narrow)Columnar (long and narrow)

11. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Glands Specialized to produce a substance sent out to otherSpecialized to produce a substance sent out to other parts of the bodyparts of the body Exocrine glandsExocrine glands Single cellSingle cell Multiple cellsMultiple cells Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands

12. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-2: Glands are classified according to whether they secrete through ducts or secrete directly into the bloodstream. What are these two categories of glands?Checkpoint 4-2: Glands are classified according to whether they secrete through ducts or secrete directly into the bloodstream. What are these two categories of glands? ExocrineExocrine EndocrineEndocrine

13. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Connective Tissue Categorized by physical propertiesCategorized by physical properties Liquid connective tissueLiquid connective tissue Soft connective tissueSoft connective tissue Fibrous connective tissueFibrous connective tissue Hard connective tissueHard connective tissue

14. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-3: Connective tissue varies according to the composition of the material that is between the cells. What is the general name for this intercellular material?Checkpoint 4-3: Connective tissue varies according to the composition of the material that is between the cells. What is the general name for this intercellular material? MatrixMatrix

15. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Soft Connective Tissue Types of soft connective tissue Areolar (loose) Adipose

16. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Liquid and soft connective tissue. ZOOMING IN Which of these tissues has the most fibers? B. Areolar connective tissue Which of these tissues is modified for storage? C. Adipose tissue

17. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Fibrous Connective Tissue Examples of fibrous connective tissue Membranes Capsules Tendons Ligaments

18. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hard Connective Tissue Types of hard connective tissue Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Bone Osseous tissue Bone marrow

19. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Fibrous and hard connective tissue

20. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-4: Connective tissue is the supportive and protective material found throughout the body. What are some examples of liquid, soft, fibrous, and hard connective tissue?Checkpoint 4-4: Connective tissue is the supportive and protective material found throughout the body. What are some examples of liquid, soft, fibrous, and hard connective tissue? Liquid – blood and lymphLiquid – blood and lymph Soft – material between cellsSoft – material between cells Adipose and areolar connective tissueAdipose and areolar connective tissue Fibrous – ligaments, tendonsFibrous – ligaments, tendons Hard connective tissue – bone, cartilageHard connective tissue – bone, cartilage

21. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Muscle Tissue Types of muscle tissueTypes of muscle tissue Skeletal muscleSkeletal muscle Voluntary muscleVoluntary muscle Striated muscleStriated muscle Cardiac muscle (myocardium)Cardiac muscle (myocardium) Involuntary muscleInvoluntary muscle Intercalated disksIntercalated disks Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)Smooth muscle (visceral muscle) Involuntary muscleInvoluntary muscle

22. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Muscle Tissue A, skeletal muscle B, Cardiac muscle C, Smooth muscle

23. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-5: What are the three types of muscle tissue? SkeletalSkeletal VoluntaryVoluntary StriatedStriated CardiacCardiac InvoluntaryInvoluntary Intercalated disksIntercalated disks SmoothSmooth involuntaryinvoluntary

24. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nervous Tissue Body’s communication system is made of nervousBody’s communication system is made of nervous tissuetissue BrainBrain NervesNerves Spinal cordSpinal cord

25. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nervous tissue.

26. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Neuron Basic unit of nervous tissueBasic unit of nervous tissue Nerve cell bodyNerve cell body FibersFibers DendriteDendrite AxonAxon

27. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroglia Neuroglia (glial cells) protect the brain and the axons.Neuroglia (glial cells) protect the brain and the axons.

28. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-6: What is the basic cellular unit of the nervous system and what is its function? Neuron – transmits impulses Checkpoint 4-7: What are the nonconducting support cells of the nervous system called? Neuroglia

29. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Membranes Thin sheets of tissueThin sheets of tissue Cover a surfaceCover a surface Serve as a dividerServe as a divider Line a hollow organ or body cavityLine a hollow organ or body cavity Anchor an organAnchor an organ Contain cells that secrete lubricantsContain cells that secrete lubricants

30. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Epithelial Membranes SerousSerous MucousMucous CutaneousCutaneous

31. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Serous Membranes TypesTypes Pleurae (around the lungs)Pleurae (around the lungs) Serous pericardium (around the heart)Serous pericardium (around the heart) Peritoneum (lining the abdomen)Peritoneum (lining the abdomen) Organization of the serous membraneOrganization of the serous membrane Parietal layerParietal layer Visceral layerVisceral layer

32. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Organization of serous membranes

33. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Mucous Membranes Vary in structure and functionVary in structure and function Trap and remove foreign particlesTrap and remove foreign particles Protect deeper tissueProtect deeper tissue Absorb food materialsAbsorb food materials

34. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-8: Epithelial membranes have an outer layer of epithelium. Which are the three types of epithelial membranes?Checkpoint 4-8: Epithelial membranes have an outer layer of epithelium. Which are the three types of epithelial membranes? Serous membranesSerous membranes Mucous membranesMucous membranes Connective tissue membranesConnective tissue membranes

35. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Connective Tissue Membranes Connective tissue without epithelium Synovial membranes Meninges Fibrous bands or sheets that support and hold organs Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia Deep fascia Membranes that support organs Fibrous pericardium Periosteum Perichondrium

36. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissues and Aging Tissues lose elasticity as they age Skin Blood vessels Tendons and ligaments Bones Muscles