1. WINDSOR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
Head and Neck
Dr. SREEKANTH THOTA

2. Gross Anatomy Eye

3. ORBIT
The orbits are bilateral structures in the upper half of the face below the anterior cranial fossa and anterior to the middle cranial fossa that contain the eyeball, the optic nerve, the extraocular muscles, the lacrimal apparatus, adipose tissue, fascia, and the nerves and vessels that supply these structures.

4. Bony orbit Seven bones contribute to the framework of each orbit
1. Roof
2. Medial wall
3. Floor
4. Lateral wall

6. Openings Into the Orbital Cavity
1. Supraorbital notch (Foramen)
2. Nasolacrimal canal
3. Superior orbital fissure
4. Optic canal
5. Infraorbital groove and canal

7. Eyelids
The layers of the eyelids, from anterior to posterior, consist of
1.Skin, subcutaneous tissue
2. Voluntary muscle
3.orbital septum
4.Tarsus
5. Conjunctiva

9. Muscles of the Eyelid 1.Orbicularis oculi:
Closes the eyelid…. Important in blinking.
Facial nerve palsy results in inability to close the eye & can cause excessive dryness & irritation of the eye. [patient may sleep with eyes partially open!]
2. Muscles for elevating upper eyelid 1. levator palpebrae superioris 2. Superior tarsal (Muller’s muscle)

10. Orbicularis oculi

11. Ptosis:
Can result due to oculomotor nerve palsy (levator palpebrae superioris) OR
Due to Damage to sympathetic nerves supplying Muller’s muscle. (Horner’s syndrome)

12. The eye lid

13. Chalazion: A chalazion , is a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of a blocked meibomian gland or tarsal gland usually on the upper eyelid.

14. Chalazion

15. Stye
An external stye is an infection of the sebaceous glands of Zeis at the base of the eyelashes, or an infection of the apocrine sweat glands of Moll.

16. Extra occular muscles

19. NERVE SUPPLY OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
(LR6SO4)3

20. Muscles of the orbit Muscle Action on the Eyeball Nerve supply
Medial rectus
Adducts (pupil moves medially)
CN III
Lateral rectus
Abducts (moving the pupil laterally)
CN VI
Superior rectus
Elevates, adducts

21. Muscles of the orbit Inferior Rectus Depresses, adducts CN III
Superior Oblique
Depresses, abducts
CN IV
Inferior Oblique
Elevates, abducts

22. Movements of the eyeball

23. ACTION OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES ON THE EYEBALL

24. BLOOD VESSELS OF THE ORBIT
Ophthalmic Artery
Branch of the internal carotid artery
Passes through the optic canal
Branches:
1.central artery of the retina –
2.ciliary arteries –
3.lacrimal artery – to the lacrimal gland
4.supratrochlear
5.supraorbital arteries – skin of forehead
6. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery

26. Ophthalmic Veins
1. Superior ophthalmic vein – communicates anteriorly with the facial vein.
2.Inferior ophthalmic vein – communicates through the inferior orbital fissure with the pterygoid plexus of veins
3.both veins drain into the cavernous sinus

28. Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) a. Lacrimal nerve
passes to the lacrimal gland providing secretomotor fibers
b. Frontal nerve
Divides into supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves
C. Nasociliary nerve:
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerve

30. Oculomotor nerve
Just before entering the orbit the oculomotor nerve [III] divides into superior and inferior branches.

32. Lacrimal apparatus
Production, movement and drainage of fluid from the surface of the eyeball
Composed of
-Lacrimal glands and its ducts
-Lacrimal canaliculi
-Lacrimal sac
-Nasolacrimal duct

35. Tears(Lacrimation) Parasympathetic innervation
Greater petrosal branch of facial nerve.

36. Conjunctiva Bulbar conjunctiva covers exposed part of sclera
Palpebral conjunctiva – covers inner surface of eyelids.

38. The eyeball Contains the optical apparatus of the eye Has 3 layers
Outer Fibrous layer-opaque sclera and transparent anterior cornea
Middle Vascular layer- Choroid -(posterior), Ciliary body and Iris (uvea)- (anterior),
Inner layer (sensory)-Retina

40. Ciliary body
composed of the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle
A. Ciliary processes – folds or ridges on internal surface ciliary body  secrete aqueous humor; posterior surface encircles the lens and connected to it by the suspensory ligament of the lens.
B.Ciliary muscle – consists of smooth (intrinsic) muscle; contraction releases tension in the suspensory ligament of the lens making it more convex and increasing its refractive power (for near vision); nerve supply – parasympathetic (CN III).

41. Production of Aqueous Humor and Intraocular pressure
Ciliary Process:
Produces Aqueous Humor
2. Posterior Chamber:
Aqueous Humor flows from
this chamber through the
pupil in Anterior Chamber
Canal of Schlemm
Reabsorbs Aqueous Humor
Glaucoma:
Increase in intraocular
pressure due to build up of
Aqueous Humor

42. Iris
consists of two smooth (intrinsic) muscles that control the size of the pupil
Sphincter pupillae – circular arranged fibers; constricts (closes) pupil in presence of bright light; nerve supply - parasympapathetic (CN III)
Dilator pupillae – radially arranged fibers; dilates (opens) pupil in presence of low intensity light or in presence of excessive sympathetic activity as occurs in fright; nerve supply – sympathetic

44. Lens It is an encapsulated, elastic, biconvex transparent structure.
Suspensory ligament connects it to the ciliary body.

45. Cataracts
Cataracts - clouding or opacification of the natural lens of the eye
Cataract Vision

46. Cataract
A cataract is any opacity within a lens. The opacity can be very small (incipient cataract) and not interfere with vision.
It can involve more of the lens (immature cataract) and cause blurred vision.
Eventually, the entire lens can become cloudy, and all functional vision lost. This is called a mature cataract.

49. How can cataracts be treated?
The only treatment for cataracts is surgical removal.
Cataract surgery is the removal of the eye lens and replacing it with an artificial one.