1. The Tissue Level of Organization Chapter 4

3. Tissues of the Body: An Introduction  Tissues  Histology

4. 4 basic types of tissues 1. Neural 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Epithelial

5. Epithelial Tissue  Includes epithelia glands

6. 5 important characteristics 1. Cellularity 2. Polarity 3. Attachment 4. Avascularity 5. Regeneration

7. Functions of Epithelial Tissue 1. Provide Physical Protection 2. Control Permeability 3. Provide Sensation 4. Produce Specialized Secretions

8. Specializations of Epithelial Tissue  Movement of fluid over the epithelial surface (protection or lubrication).  Movement of fluid through the epithelium (permeability).  Production of secretions (protection or chemical messengers)

9. Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia  Intercellular Connections Tight junctions Gap junctions Desmosomes

11. Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia  Intercellular Connections  Attachment to the Basal Lamina Lamina lucida Lamina densa

12. Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia  Intercellular Connections  Attachment to the Basal Lamina  Maintenance and Repair

13. Classification of Epithelia 1. Squamous Epithelia 2. Cuboidal Epithelia 3. Columnar Epithelia 4. Transitional epithelia 5. Glandular Epithelia

14. Classification of Epithelia 1. Squamous Epithelia 2. Cuboidal Epithelia 3. Columnar Epithelia 4. Transitional epithelia 5. Glandular Epithelia

24. 3 methods of glandular secretion 1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine

26. Exocrine glands  3 types of secretions 1. Serous glands 2. Mucous glands 3. Mixed exocrine glands

27. Exocrine glands  Also be classified by structure 1. multicellular 2. unicellular

28. Three characteristics of multicellular exocrine glands 1. Structure of the duct 2. relationship between ducts and glandular areas 3. Shape of secretory portion of the gland

29. Connective Tissues  Three basic characteristics 1. Specialized cells 2. Extracellular protein fibers 3. A fluid, extracellular ground substance

30. Specialized functions of connective tissues  Structural framework  Transporting fluids and dissolved materials  Protecting delicate organs  Supporting, surrounding and connecting other tissues  Storing lipids  Defense against invading microorganisms

31. Classification of Connective Tissues  Connective tissue proper loose connective tissue dense connective tissue  Fluid connective tissues blood lymph  Supportive connective tissues cartilage bone

32. 8 basic types in connective tissue proper 1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages 3. Adipocytes 4. Mesenchymal cells 5. Microphages 6. Mast cells 7. Lymphocytes 8. Melanocytes

33. 3 types of fibers 1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular

34. Loose connective tissues  3 types 1. reticular 2. adipose 3. areolar

38. Dense connective tissues  Second type of connective tissue proper  3 kinds of dense connective tissue 1. Dense regular 2. Dense irregular 3. Elastic

42. Fluid Connective Tissues  Blood 3 types of formed elements 1. erythrocytes 2. leukocytes 3. Platelets  Lymph

44. Supportive Connective Tissues  Cartilage Cartilage grows by 2 mechanisms  Interstitial  Appositional

46. 3 major types of cartilage 1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage

50. Supportive Connective Tissues  Cartilage  Bone

52. Membranes  Four types of membranes 1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cutaneous 4. Synovial

54. The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body  Superficial fascia  Deep fascia  Subserous fascia

56. Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

60. Neural Tissue  2 kinds of neural cells Neurons Neuroglia

62. Neurons are made up of 3 parts 1. Cell 2. Dendrites 3. Axon

63. Tissue Injuries and Repair  Inflammation process of inflammation occurs in several stages  Regeneration

65. Aging and Tissue Structure  Speed and effectiveness of tissue repairs decreases as people age

66. Aging and Cancer Incidence  Rates increase with age  1 in 4 people  #2 cause of death