1. Energy and Environment by Toossi Energy: Past, Present, Future

2. Energy and Environment by Toossi Introduction 1970, Club of Rome 1973, Arab Oil Embargo 1978, TMI Accident 1986, Chernobyl Accident 1991, Rio Earth Summit 1991, Gulf War I 1997, Kyoto Treaty 2002, Bush Denounced the Kyoto Agreement 2003, Gulf War II 2006, Price of gasoline reached all-time high

3. Energy and Environment by Toossi Issues Big questions How much longer petroleum will last? What are geopolitical concerns? What are economical effects? What are the environmental impacts? Where are we going from here?

4. Energy and Environment by Toossi Concerns Useful energy is being more scarce. Population increases at an exponential rate. Industrializations demands more and more energy. Environmental problems becomes more severe with increases in energy consumption. Limited resources can impact social, cultural, and economical aspects of our lives. Global impacts could even be more serious.

5. Energy and Environment by Toossi The Middle East

6. Energy and Environment by Toossi Politics of Oil

7. Energy and Environment by Toossi Why to be involved?

8. Energy and Environment by Toossi Overview What is energy? Where is it coming from? What forms can it take?

9. Energy and Environment by Toossi What is Energy? Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat, light, or radiation. Phenomenological definition: “Energy is the capacity to do work”. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another. When energy is used, its usefulness decreases by an amount equal to the work done. Although different forms of energy can have the same numerical value (quantitatively), they are not equally interchangeable (qualitatively) Energy is not power.

10. Energy and Environment by Toossi Where Does Energy Come From? Big-bang (10-20 billion years ago) released tightly packed mass of elementary particles. Created stars, galaxies and planets. (Source of the Gravitational or Potential Energy) Nuclear  Breakup of mass Solar  Radiation from stars (such as our Sun) Fossil and Biomass  Conversion of solar energy to mass Wind, wave, heat, geothermal, etc. are different manifestations of the same energy.

11. Classifications Mechanical Kinetic Wind Underwater currents Potential (gravitational) Hydroelectric (Waterfalls) Wave (surface, tides) Chemical Biomass Fossil Geothermal Nuclear Fission Fusion Sun-based Photovoltaic and solar thermal Wind Hydroelectric Biomass And even fossil fuels Earth-Based Geothermal Nuclear Earth-Moon-Sun Interaction Tides Energy and Environment by Toossi

12. Energy and Power Energy and Environment by Toossi

13. Problems Limited supply Exponential growth Lack of long term planning

14. Energy and Environment by Toossi World Energy Consumption

15. Energy and Environment by Toossi Per Capita Energy Consumption

16. Energy and Environment by Toossi Consumption vs. Production Fifty years ago We were using one barrel of oil for every six barrels we found Today We are using four barrels of oil for every barrel we find. U.S. has about 5% of the World’s population, but uses 25% of the world’s oil.

17. Energy and Environment by Toossi World Energy Resources

18. Energy and Environment by Toossi Reserves The United States has: 2.5% of the world’s remaining oil 3.5% of the world’s remaining natural gas 20% of the world’s remaining coal At the current rate of consumption US will run out of Oil in 10 years Natural Gas in 12 years Coal in 300 years But don’t forget the exponential growth and market forces!

19. Energy and Environment by Toossi Exponential Growth T 2 =70/ Example: In how many years would the US population double. The US birth rate is higher than death rate by 1.3% T=70/1.3=41 years. 2000 Census: 281 million (13.2% increase over 1990 data) 2041 Census (estimated): 562 million (probably too high)

20. Energy and Environment by Toossi World Population Today, there are 6.2 billions people By 2050, population will increase to 10 billions (video) (video) The rate of growth is very different among different nations

21. Energy and Environment by Toossi Consumption (2004 figures) ResourceUSWorld Fossil Fuels 80%85% Nuclear 10%6.6% Hydro 5%7.1% Biofuel 4.3%0.9% Geothermal 0.5%0.2% Wind 0.1% Solar 0.1%

22. Energy and Environment by Toossi Over consumption The Problem

23. Energy and Environment by Toossi Units International (SI)US Customary Lengthmft Masskglbm Timess ForceN (newton)lbf EnergyJ (joule)BTU PowerW (watt)hp

24. Energy and Environment by Toossi Other commonly used energy units calorie Food calorie (Calorie) N.m, J, kJ, MJ, EJ, lb-ft Quad eV Ton of coal, Barrel of oil, Therm Bushel of corn …

25. Energy and Environment by Toossi Course Content Physical Law (cannot change) Statistical Data (maybe questionable) Political, social, economical issues (must be argued)

26. Keep your head clear Energy and Environment by Toossi

27. Don’t take on more than you can handle

28. Energy and Environment by Toossi You’ve got a long way to go, so enjoy the ride