2. WARS OF RELIGION: 1560-1648 I.Change in the nature of war. * The Catholic Crusade A.Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis (1559) -- Ended Hapsburg-Valois Wars B. Phillip II (1556-98) 1.Increased Spanish Habsburg power 2. Opposed the spread of Protestantism

3. 3. Battle of Lepanto, 1571

4. II. Civil War in France A.Francis I (1515-47) – Concordat of Bologna (1516) B.Calvinism in France: Huguenots  Nobility C.Catherine de’ Medici D.Nine civil wars between 1562-1589

5. E. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572  War of the Three Henry’s

6. F. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) (1589- 1610) -- Bourbon 1.Politique – “Paris is worth a Mass” 2.Edict of Nantes, 1598

7. III. Revolt in the Netherlands A.Netherlands as a major financial center (Antwerp; Amsterdam) 1. Trade 2. Decentralized political organization -- Stadtholders 3. Burghers (middle class)* 4. Religious toleration of Calvinists

8. Vermeer: View of Delft c. 1660

9. Rembrandt Masters of the Cloth Guild

10. The Old Stock Exchange in Amsterdam was a center of mercantile activity and religious and intellectual interactions

11. B.Civil War in Netherlands: 1568- 1578 1. King Philip II tries to impose control a. Duke of Alva – “Council of Blood” b. Alexander Farnese – siege of cities 2. William of Orange (1533-1584) 3. 17 Protestant provinces vs. Spain. a. United Provinces of the Netherlands b. Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)

13. B. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 1. Assisted Protestant Netherlands: a. wool industry b. death of William the Silent c. defeat of Antwerp d. fear of Spanish invasion

14. C. Spanish Armada, 1588 1. Defeated by England 2. End of Philip’s goal – Christian Crusade

15. V. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) A.Causes 1.Failure of Peace of Augsburg a. terms violated by both sides 2. Two armed factions emerge a. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League B.First continent-wide war in modern history.

16. Holy Roman Empire 1618

17. 1.Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) a. Ferdinand of Styria 1) Battle of White Mountain “Defenestration of Prague”

18. 2. Danish Phase (1625-29) a.Catholic invasion of North Germany b. Albert of Wallenstein 1) Edict of Restitution 2.Swedish Phase (1629-35) a.Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32) 1) Battle of Breitenfeld, 1630

19. Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 17 September 1631 Albert Cuyp

20. 4.French Phase (1635-1648) “International Phase” a.French foreign policy 1) anti-Habsburg (Habsburg Fence) a.Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

21. Cardinal Richelieu c. 1637 OiI on canvas, 260 x 178 cm National Gallery, London

22. C.Peace of Westphalia (1648) 1.Principles of Peace of Augsburg reasserted (with Calvinism now included). 2.Provisions: a.Edict of Restitution revoked. b.Independence of United Provinces from Spain confirmed c.Swiss Confederacy recognized

23. d. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) gained territory and international stature. e. Pope denied participation in German religious affairs. d. Individual states (over 300) gained independence from Holy Roman Empire.  significance:

24. Europe in 1648

25. 3.Results and aftermath a.Germany devastated* b.Future wars no longer primarily religious. 1) Modern age of sovereign states. 2) Balance of power politics. a.Catholic crusade failed. b.Nobles dominated the war

26. Population Loss in Germany during the 30 Years’ War

27. e. Two Habsburg branches weakened. 1) Spanish decline 2) Austrian Habsburgs lost influence over Germany.