1. 朱銘祥教授國立成功大學機械系 CH 1 An Introduction to Biomechanics © all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

2. 1-1 What is Biomechanics? bio- biology bio- biology Mechanics applied to biology (Fung) Mechanics applied to biology (Fung) Mechanics : force, motion and strength of materials. Mechanics : force, motion and strength of materials. Galileo 1638 Galileo 1638 Analyses of Dynamical Systems Analyses of Dynamical Systems © all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

3. Biomechanics Seeks to understand the mechanics of living systemsSeeks to understand the mechanics of living systems Biology can no more be understood without biomechanicsBiology can no more be understood without biomechanics For an organismFor an organism help to understand its normal functionhelp to understand its normal function Predict changes due to alterationPredict changes due to alteration Propose methods of artificial interventionPropose methods of artificial intervention Diagnosis, surgery and prosthesis are closely associated with Biomechanics

4. 1.2 Historical background Reading assignment Reading assignment Contributors to biomechanics Contributors to biomechanics G. Galilei, W. Harvey, R. Descartes, G.A. Borelli, R. Boyle, R. Hooke, I. Newton, L. Euler, T. Young, J. Poiseuille, H. von Helmholtz, A. Fick, D.J. Korteweg, H. Lamb, O. Frank, B. van der Pol G. Galilei, W. Harvey, R. Descartes, G.A. Borelli, R. Boyle, R. Hooke, I. Newton, L. Euler, T. Young, J. Poiseuille, H. von Helmholtz, A. Fick, D.J. Korteweg, H. Lamb, O. Frank, B. van der Pol

5. 1.3 Biomechanics & Biology Applied mechanics Stress and strain distribution in materials Stress and strain distribution in materials Constitutive equations for mechanical properties of materials Constitutive equations for mechanical properties of materials Strength of materials, yielding, creeping, plastic flow, crack propagation, fracture, fatigue failure of materials, stress corrosion Strength of materials, yielding, creeping, plastic flow, crack propagation, fracture, fatigue failure of materials, stress corrosion Dislocation theory, metals, ceramics Dislocation theory, metals, ceramics Composite materials Composite materials

6. Applied mechanics (cont’d) Flow of fluids: gas, water, blood and other tissue fluids Flow of fluids: gas, water, blood and other tissue fluids Heat transfer, temperature distribution, thermal stress Heat transfer, temperature distribution, thermal stress Mass transfer, diffusion, transport through membrane Mass transfer, diffusion, transport through membrane Motion of charged particles, plasma, ions in solution Motion of charged particles, plasma, ions in solution Mechanism, structures Mechanism, structures

7. Applied mechanics (cont’d) Stability of mechanical systems Stability of mechanical systems Control of mechanical systems Control of mechanical systems Dynamics, vibrations, wave propagation Dynamics, vibrations, wave propagation Shock waves and waves of finite amplitude Shock waves and waves of finite amplitude Note: all living systems have involved with some of these problems

8. Biology & Physiology Biology Biology G.R. Treviranus 1802 G.R. Treviranus 1802 Biologie – sciences which deal with living matter as a whole Biologie – sciences which deal with living matter as a whole Physiology – sciences which deal with normal functions of living things or their organs Physiology – sciences which deal with normal functions of living things or their organs Continuum mechanics in physiology Continuum mechanics in physiology System Biology, gene, cell, tissue, organ, organism System Biology, gene, cell, tissue, organ, organism

9. 1.4 Mechanics in Physiology Reading assignment Reading assignment W. Harvey, M. Malpighi, S. Hales, O. Frank, E.H. Starling, A, Krogh, A. V. Hill W. Harvey, M. Malpighi, S. Hales, O. Frank, E.H. Starling, A, Krogh, A. V. Hill

10. 1.5 What contributions has Biomechanics made to Health Science Clinical problems in cardiovascular system Clinical problems in cardiovascular system Prosthetic heart valves, heart assistive device, extracorporeal circulation, hear-lung machine, hemo-dialysis machine Prosthetic heart valves, heart assistive device, extracorporeal circulation, hear-lung machine, hemo-dialysis machine Heart transplantation, artificial heart, postoperative trauma, pulmonary, arteries Heart transplantation, artificial heart, postoperative trauma, pulmonary, arteries Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Hemodynamic disorder Hemodynamic disorder Stress acting in endothelial cells & response of the endothelial cells to stress Stress acting in endothelial cells & response of the endothelial cells to stress

12. Orthopedics Orthopedics Everyday clinical tool Everyday clinical tool Surgery, prosthesis, implantable materials, artificial limbs, cellular & molecular aspects of healing to stress and strain Surgery, prosthesis, implantable materials, artificial limbs, cellular & molecular aspects of healing to stress and strain Functional tissue engineering of cartilage, tendon & bone Functional tissue engineering of cartilage, tendon & bone Biomechanics of trauma, injury and rehabilitation Biomechanics of trauma, injury and rehabilitation Promote better understanding of physiology Promote better understanding of physiology Methodology of mechanics adopted to health science and technology Methodology of mechanics adopted to health science and technology

15. Biomechanics to medicine System analysis System analysis Rheology of biological tissues Rheology of biological tissues Mass transfer through membrane Mass transfer through membrane Interfacial phenomena Interfacial phenomena Microcirculation Microcirculation

16. 1.6 Our method of approach (steps) 1. Geometry of object: morphology of organism, anatomy of organ, histology of tissue, structure and ultra-structure of living material 2. Determine mechanical properties of the materials or tissues: 3. Derive the governing equation based on fundamental laws of physics and constitutive equations of the materials 4. Obtain meaningful boundary conditions: environment of an organ

17. 5. Solve the boundary-value problems analytically or numerically or by experiments 6. Perform physiological experiments to test the solutions of the above boundary-value problems 7. Compare the experimental results with corresponding theoretical ones: justify the hypotheses made justify the hypotheses made find the numerical values of the undetermined coefficients in the constitutive equations. find the numerical values of the undetermined coefficients in the constitutive equations.

18. 1.7 生物力學研究工具 課 題課 題課 題課 題 工 具工 具工 具工 具 幾何 形態量度, 組織學, 電子顯微鏡, 共軛對 焦, 原子力顯微鏡, CAD 材料 生物化學, 組織化學, 分子力學 生物學 形態學, 細胞學, 胚胎學 機械特性 構成方程式, 強度, 破壞模式 基本原理 物理, 化學, 生物學 組織工程生長，病理學，癒合，人工組織 設計人工器官，義肢學 © all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

19. 生物力學相關科技 生物機械工程 (bio-mechanical engineering) 生物機械工程 (bio-mechanical engineering) 生物工程 (bio-engineering) 生物工程 (bio-engineering) 醫學工程 (bio-medical engineering) 醫學工程 (bio-medical engineering) 生物技術 (bio-technology) 生物技術 (bio-technology) 生物微機電系統 (bio-MEMS) 生物微機電系統 (bio-MEMS) 生物奈米技術 (bio-nano-technology) 生物奈米技術 (bio-nano-technology) © all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

20. Scope of Biomechanics Human movement Human movement Plant biomechanics Plant biomechanics Orthopedic biomechanics Orthopedic biomechanics Organ biomechanics Organ biomechanics Tissue biomechanics (tissue engineering) Tissue biomechanics (tissue engineering) Cell biomechanics (cell-based therapy) Cell biomechanics (cell-based therapy)

21. 近年生物力學研究進展 近年生物力學研究進展 進展研究方法尺度 人體運動生物力學 剛體動力學, 運動學, 解 剖學 巨觀 脊椎生物力學, 肩關節生物力 學, 肘關節生物力學, 腕關節生 物力學, 手生物力學, 髖關節生 物力學, 膝關節生物力學, 踝關 節生物力學, 器官生物力學 連體力學黏彈性力學解剖學實驗力學細觀 組織生物力學細胞生物力學生物分子力學新應用力學領域生長模型 基因工程 ( 表現, 治療 ) 微觀

22. Summary Impact of biomechanics on continuum mechanics: vigorous renewal. Impact of biomechanics on continuum mechanics: vigorous renewal. Biomechanics has moved from organ level, to tissue level and to cellular level. Biomechanics has moved from organ level, to tissue level and to cellular level. Mechanics of gene action lies at focus of bioengineering! Mechanics of gene action lies at focus of bioengineering!