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Animal Systems
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Organization All living things made up of cells
Groups of cells work together to form tissues Groups of tissues organs organ systems There are 4 basic tissue types in animals: 1. Epithelial: covering (eg skin) keeps germs out and protects the body and organs 2. Muscle: can contract-relax producing movement 3. Connective: supports and holds body together (tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage)...also blood 4. Nerve: generates electrical signals for communication within the body
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Digestive
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Digestive tract Is one long tube
Digestion is the chemical and physical breakdown of food to absorb nutrients and minerals Rid the body of wastes Digestive system composed of digestive tract (food moves through) organs and accessory organs (food does not move through
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Digestive tract organs/Function
Mouth – physically breaks food into smaller pieces...saliva contains enzymes (chemicals that break down food) and water for moistening Esophagus – muscles contract and relax pushing food to the stomach Stomach – holds food and churns food…hydrochloric acid added (kills bacteria, activates some enzymes for chemical digestion) Muscles in the stomach contract and relax breaking food down physically
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Digestive tract organs/Function
Small intestine – sodium bicarbonate added to neutralize acid most of chemical breakdown occurs in the small intestine by enzymes released from pancreas nutrients are absorbed Large intestine – re-absorption of water and removal of waste
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Accessory Organs Salivary Glands – produces saliva containing an enzyme breaking down carbohydrates Liver – produces bile to help break down fats Pancreas – produces enzymes for stomach and small intestine...also produces insulin (controls sugar levels) Gall bladder – stores bile from liver Page 82#2-5
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Circulatory
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Pumps blood throughout the body
Heart-Lungs Heart-Heart Heart-Body Transports nutrients from digested food Transports oxygen from respiratory
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Heart: Blood Flow Through Chambers
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Blood Flow Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium Heart is relaxed the blood moves through valves into the ventricles. The ventricles contract pushing blood out the arteries. From RV through pulmonary artery to the lung From LV through aorta to the body
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Blood Plasma: 55% of blood. It is composed of 90% water and carries nutrients, proteins, sugar... RBCs: 40% of blood. Each cell has millions of hemoglobin molecules...binds to and carries oxygen WBCs: defenders of the body Platelets: small cell fragments help in blood clotting
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Blood Vessels Arteries: carry blood away from heart
Have thick walls (muscular-elastic tissue) for expansion due to pressure of blood pumping Veins: carry blood to the heart Not as thick due to lower pressure Have one way valves to prevent backflow Capillaries: are tiny vessels (one cell thick) joining arteries and veins
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Activity Heart Sounds Blood Pressure
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Respiratory
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Breathing Lung Model Inhalation: diaphragm moves down and rib cage up and out Exhalation: diaphragm moves up and rib cage down and in Air exchange is due to difference in air pressure (moves high to low pressure)
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Breathing Nose: warms and cleans air Mouth: misses steps from nose
Pharynx: path for air and food (epiglottis directs food to esophagus) Larynx: vocal chords Trachea: windpipe, cartilage rings Bronchi: one bronchi to each lung. Cilia and mucus prevents dust from going into lung Bronchioles: network of branching for air passage in the lung Alveoli: small sacs where gas exchange occurs
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Gas Exchange: Capillary-Alveoli
Diffusion: movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration Blood from heart has high carbon dioxide content...it diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli. As the blood moves by the air in the alveoli is rich in oxygen and diffuses into the capillary where there is low concentration
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Muscular-Skeletal
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The skeleton has 3 types of connective tissue:
Bones are hard and mostly non living composed of calcium and phosphorus. Canals inside the bone tissue contain nerves and blood vessels Ligaments help to hold the bone together... Elasticity of this connective tissue allows movement Cartilage between bones in joints provides low friction support
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Muscle tissue is composed of long cells arranged in bundles
The cells shorten and relax producing movement Muscles can only pull...not push. They work in opposing pairs (triceps-biceps) Muscles are connected by tendons to bones
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Nervous
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Central Nervous System: brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system: connects the rest of the body to the CNS Sensory receptors detect stimuli and send signals to the CNS (brain) for processing and a response.
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How systems Interact??
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Plant Systems
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Plant Tissue 1. Epidermal Tissue Outer surface 2. Ground Tissue
most of the plant cells In roots = storage in leaves photosynthesis 3. Vascular Tissue Transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant 4. Meristem Tissue Where growth occurs
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Plant Organs 1. Roots Absorbs water and nutrients from soil 2. Stems
Transport of materials and support (holds plant upright) 3. Leaves Photosynthesis 4. Flowers
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Flowers
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Flowers reproductive structure of the plant
Main function is to produce seeds by sexual reproduction Males organs, called stamen, produces pollen – the male sex cells Flower contains female organs, called pistil, contain female sex cells called eggs Pollen and an egg unite to produce a fertilized egg called a seed Some seeds surrounded by flesh called fruit
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