1. 1 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Classical Viewing

2. 2 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Objectives Introduce classical views Compare and contrast image formation by computer architects, artists, and engineers Learn benefits and drawbacks of each type of view

3. 3 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Classical Viewing Viewing requires three basic elements ­One or more objects ­Viewer with projection surface ­Projectors from object(s) to projection surface Classical views based on relationship among these elements ­Viewer picks up object orients how would like to see it Each object assumed constructed from flat principal faces ­Buildings, polyhedra, manufactured objects

4. 4 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Planar Geometric Projections Standard projections project onto plane Projectors = lines; either ­converge at center of projection (COP) ­are parallel Such projections preserve lines ­but not necessarily angles Nonplanar projections needed for applications such as map construction

5. 5 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Classical Projections

6. 6 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Perspective vs Parallel Computer graphics treats all projections same implements with single pipeline Classical viewing developed different techniques for drawing each type of projection Fundamental distinction is between parallel and perspective viewing Mathematically parallel viewing = limit of perspective viewing

7. 7 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Taxonomy of Planar Geometric Projections parallel perspective axonometric multiview orthographic oblique isometricdimetrictrimetric 2 point1 point3 point planar geometric projections

8. 8 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Perspective Projection

9. 9 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Parallel Projection

10. 10 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Orthographic Projection Projectors are orthogonal to projection surface

11. 11 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Multiview Orthographic Projection Projection plane parallel to principal face Usually form front, top, side views isometric (not multiview orthographic view) front side top in CAD and architecture, often display three multiviews plus isometric side front

12. 12 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Advantages and Disadvantages Preserves both distances and angles ­Shapes preserved ­Can be used for measurements Building plans Manuals Cannot see what object really looks like because many surfaces hidden from view ­Often add isometric

13. 13 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Axonometric Projections Allow projection plane to move relative to object classify by how many angles of a corner of a projected cube are the same none: trimetric two: dimetric three: isometric  1  3  2

14. 14 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Types of Axonometric Projections

15. 15 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Advantages and Disadvantages Lines scaled (foreshortened) but can find scaling factors Lines preserved but angles not ­Projection of circle in plane not parallel to projection plane ==> ellipse Can see three principal faces of box-like object Some optical illusions possible ­Parallel lines appear to diverge Does not look real because far objects scaled same as near objects Used in CAD applications

16. 16 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Oblique Projection Arbitrary relationship between projectors and projection plane

17. 17 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Advantages and Disadvantages Can pick angles to emphasize particular face ­Architecture: plan oblique, elevation oblique Angles in faces parallel to projection plane preserved while can still see “around” side In physical world, cannot create with simple camera; possible with bellows camera or special lens (architectural)

18. 18 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Perspective Projection Projectors converge at center of projection

19. 19 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Vanishing Points Parallel lines (not parallel to projection plane) on object converge at single point in projection the vanishing point Drawing simple perspectives by hand uses these vanishing point(s) vanishing point

20. 20 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Three-Point Perspective No principal face parallel to projection plane Three vanishing points for cube

21. 21 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Two-Point Perspective One principal direction parallel to projection plane Two vanishing points for cube

22. 22 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 One-Point Perspective One principal face parallel to projection plane One vanishing point for cube

23. 23 91.427 Computer Graphics I, Fall 2010 Advantages and Disadvantages Objects further from viewer projected smaller than same sized objects closer to viewer diminution ­==> Looks realistic Equal distances along line not projected into equal distances nonuniform foreshortening Angles preserved only in planes parallel to projection plane More difficult to construct by hand than parallel projections but not more difficult by computer