2. Inorganic Compounds–Water Molecule Structure

3. Inorganic Compounds–Water Molecule Water is a polar covalent molecule

4. Inorganic Compounds–Acids and Bases Acid—strong acids, pH near 0. Characterized by an abundance of H 3 O+ (hydronium) ions. Neutral—pH of 7 (distilled water) Base—strong bases pH near 14. Characterized by an abundance of OH- (hydroxide) ions.

5. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Monosaccharides— simple sugars; monomers of carbohydrates. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. All have the simple formula of C 6 H 12 O 6.

6. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Examples of foods that are monosaccharides

7. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Examples of foods that are monosaccharides

8. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Disaccharides—double sugars. Formed from the condensation of two monosaccharides. Examples include: Sucrose (table sugar)— glucose + fructose Lactose (milk sugar)— glucose + galactose Maltose (malt sugar)— glucose + glucose

9. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Examples of foods that are disaccharides— sucrose

10. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Examples of foods that are disaccharides— lactose

11. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Examples of foods that are disaccharides— maltose

12. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Polysaccharides—complex sugars. Composed of long chains of monosaccharides. Starch—plant energy storage, polymer of glucose. Forms single line chains of molecules. Glycogen—animal energy storage (in liver and between muscle fibers), polymer of glucose. Forms branching chains of molecules. Cellulose—indigestible, dietary fiber for animals. Forms the cell wall of many plant cells. Chitin—makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi.

13. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Example Starch

14. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Example Cellulose

15. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Example Glycogen

16. Organic Compounds–Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Example Chitin

17. Organic Compounds–Lipids Lipids— include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

18. Organic Compounds–Lipids Triglyceride

19. Organic Compounds–Proteins Amino acids—monomers of proteins; made of an organic acid or carboxyl group (COOH), amino group (NH2), single carbon atom attached to hydrogen, and an R-group. Each of the twenty (20) different amino acid differs in the R-group.

20. Organic Compounds–Proteins Dipeptides— two amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

21. Organic Compounds–Proteins Polypeptides—three or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds. All proteins consist of these. The sequence of amino acids determines the type of protein. Shapes of protein molecules vary with the sequence of the amino acids and determine their properties.

22. Organic Compounds–Proteins Enzymes— proteins that act as biological catalysts.

23. Organic Compounds–Nucleic Acids Made of complex monomers called nucleotides

24. Organic Compounds–Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)—records instructions and transmits them from generation to generation. Found primarily in the nucleus of the cell.

25. Organic Compounds–Nucleic Acids RNA (ribonucleic acid)—reads and carries out instructions. Found in nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell.

26. Organic Compounds–Nucleic Acids ATP—high energy compound