1. Energy Flow Ecology K. Stacker SEV1. Students will investigate the flow of energy and cycling of matter within an ecosystem and relate these phenomena to human society. b. Relate energy changes to food chains, food webs, and to trophic levels in a generalized ecosystem, recognizing that entropy is a primary factor in the loss of usable food energy during movement up the trophic levels. c. Relate food production and quality of nutrition to population growth and the trophic levels d. Relate the cycling of matter and the flow of energy to the Laws of Conservation of matter and energy. Identify the role and importance of decomposers in the recycling process. Essential Question (s): 1). How does energy flow within an ecosystem?

2. What to Do! When ever you see this symbol Be prepared to write. Copy Every Question & Answer

3. Where in an ecosystem does energy come from? Sunlight is the main source of energy for living things. Energy flows through an ecosystem from the Sun to Organisms within the ecosystem. What are two main types of feeders within an ecosystems? – Autotrophs (a.k.a. producers) use the sun’s energy to make their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. – Heterotrophs (a.k.a. consumers) must eat other living things to get their energy. What are the classes of Heterotrophs? Example of Energy Flow In an Ecosystem SUN ↓ GRASS ↓ MICE ↓ HAWK HerbivoresEat plantsdeer CarnivoresEat other animalslions OmnivoresEat plants and animalsHumans Decomposers (detritivores) Break down dead organisms fungi/bacteria Classes of HeterotrophsWhat is EatenExample

4. What is the path of energy? A food chain is a simple path of energy from producer to consumer. Each level (feeding step) is called a trophic level [troph-to feed] The ecological (energy) pyramid can be used to illustrate the loss of usable energy as heat at each trophic level. Only about 10% is passed on from one level to the next. A food web shows many interconnected food chains and illustrates all the possible feeding relationships. OMNIVORE 3 rd order CARNIVORE 2 nd order HERBIVORE 1 st order heterotroph PRODUCERS Autotroph

5. Food Web

6. Nutrient Cycles & Pollution Ecology K. Stacker SEV1. Students will investigate the flow of energy and cycling of matter within an ecosystem and relate these phenomena to human society. a. Interpret biogeochemical cycles including hydrologic, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon cycles. Recognize that energy is not recycled in ecosystems. Essential Question (s): 1). Why are nutrient cycles important? 2). Why is recycling necessary? 3). How do we contribute to pollution?

7. What to Do! When ever you see this symbol Be prepared to write. Copy Every Question & Answer

8. What materials are recycled in ecosystems and why? Organic substances such as carbon atoms, found in all living organisms, are constantly recycled. Inorganic substances like nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, and phosphorus which make up the soil, water, and air are also recycled to help maintain the health of ecosystems.

9. What are the Biochemical Cycles? WaterCarbon Nitrogen WATER 5 STEPS CARBON 3 STEPS NITROGEN 6 STEPS

10. …Water Cycle? Evaporation Transpiration (Water loss from lakes..) (water loss from plant leaves) ↓ ↓ Condensation (gas changes to a liquid, & water vapor forms clouds) ↓ Precipitation (water returns to Earth as sleet, rain, snow.. ) ↓ Surface Runoff (returns water to bodies of water or to groundwater) 1 2 3 4 5 A D C B E

11. …Oxygen Cycle?

12. …Carbon Cycle? Plant Leaves take CO2 from air ↓ Plants store C in carbs and starches (photosynthesis) ↓ Plants release O2. Humans & animals release CO2 back into the air (cellular respiration) ↓ Decomposers return C to environment (Decomposition) 1 2 3

13. …Nitrogen Cycle? Nitrogen Fixation ↓ Convert nitrogen gas into ammonia ↓ Ammonia converted to nitrates ↓ Plants absorb nitrates to make proteins ↓ Consumers eat plants (with protein) ↓ Decomposers break down dead consumers (organisms) & return nitrogen to air (called ammonification) ↓ Anaerobic bacteria in soil release nitrogen from nitrates into air (called denitrification) 1 6 2 5 3 4

14. Pollution is a chemical or physical change in the air, water, or soil of an ecosystem that can be harmful to the biotic elements in an ecosystem. What is Pollution? 3 Broad Categories Of Pollution Air Pollution Ex. Acid rain and Smog Water Pollution Ex. Aldicarb (pesticide That attacks nervous System) Soil Pollution Ex. Mineral salts (kills plant life)

15. What are the forms of Pollution? Solid Trash Liquid Chemicals Gas Carbon Monoxide Forms of Pollution

16. What is the Impact of Human Activity? In your own words summarize the following statements to show how human activity affect the environment: Earth’s natural resources are being depleted due to large amounts of consumption. Wildlife habitats are being destroyed due to the clearing of vast areas of forests. There is a shortage of fresh water due to agriculture, industrial processes, and energy production. Our air, water, & soil are constantly being polluted All aspects are in direct relation to population growth

17. What causes Pollution? Pollutants In your own words summarize the following statements about pollutants: Undesired impurities that accumulate in the environment (air, water, soil). Some are biodegradable, able to be decomposed by microorganism Some are non-biodegradable and linger in the environment (hazardous chem. wastes- poisonous, radioactive, explosive). Examples: pesticides, solid waste, sewage

18. What is the Greenhouse Effect? In your own words summarize the following statements: Extraction of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gases) through mining resulting in environmental damage Carbon dioxide is a by-product of burning fuel. The build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere results in the greenhouse effect, which traps radiation from the sun and heats the Earth Severe climate changes occur.

19. What is Acid Rain? In your own words summarize the following statements: When Nitrogen and Sulfur oxides are produced and emitted into the atmosphere through the use of fossil fuels. This results in photochemical smog (smoke, gas, and fog) and acid rain (sulfur oxides and water vapor) The aquatic ecosystems are affected by this change in pH levels

20. Who is Affected? Everyone! Humans PlantsAnimals Functional Adaptations Water-limited environments Light limited environments Supportive Adaptations Defensive Adaptations Reproductive Adaptations Annual Perennial Preventing self-fertilization Structural Adaptation Teeth Body Coverings Movement Protective Coloration (Camouflage) Mimicry Behavior Adaptations Social Behavior Behavior for protection Migration Hibernation Plants Animals

21. How Can We Help the Environment? Our Lifestyles Affect the Environment Learn about the environment Conserve energy by walking, riding a bike, or taking public transportation Recycle-Preserve our Resources Create rich soil by making compost (leaves, grass, fruit peelings) More Suggestions!

22. CREATE YOUR OWN ECOSYSTEM Design and create an ecosystem. Your finished product may be an illustration or a 2-D or 3-D model. Include the following details: Examples of an organisms, populations, communities, biotic & abiotic factors, a food web to illustrating energy flow, one of the three biochemical cycles, and appropriate labels for all. Be prepared to present your diagram and discuss the niche of 3 of the organisms in your diagram.

23. 20pts15pts10pts5pts0pts Total Population of Organisms within a Community Diagram/model illustrates an example of an organism, population, community, and labels for each Diagram illustrates only three of the four criteria Diagram illustrates only two of the four criteria Diagram illustrates only one of the four criteria Not Observed Abiotic & Biotic Factors Diagram/model illustrates examples of at least 2 labeled Abiotic and 1 labeled Biotic Factors Diagram illustrates only three of the four criteria Diagram illustrates only two of the four criteria Diagram illustrates only one of the four criteria Not Observed Food WebDiagram/model illustrates a food web with five trophic levels(6 consumers & 2 producers), arrows, and feeding relationship labels (producer, herbivore-1 st order consumer, carnivore- 2 nd order consumer, omnivore-3 rd order consumer, decomposer-4 th order consumer) N/ADiagram illustrates only two of the three criteria Diagram illustrates only one of the three criteria Not Observed Biochemical Cycle Diagram/model illustrates one of the biochemical cycles, with appropriate description of how it works N/A Diagram illustrates only one of the two criteria Not Observed Accurate, Creative, Colorful, Neat Diagram/model is accurate creative, colorful, and neat Diagram illustrates only three of the four criteria Diagram illustrates only two of the four criteria Diagram illustrates only one of the four criteria Not Observed Final Score

24. SAMPLE FOOD WEB Owl Carnivore Leaves Producer Rat Omnivore Squirrel Herbivore Berries Producer