1. BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION Emily Cooksey

2. A Little History  1865  Civil War ends  13 th Amendment abolishes slavery  1866  Founding of the Ku Klux Klan  1868  14 th Amendment ratified Grants equal protection under the law and citizenship to ALL persons born in the United States  1870  15 th Amendment ratified African American men have the right to vote  1881  First "Jim Crow" laws

3. A Little More History  1896  Plessy v. Ferguson Separate Car Act Segregated "separate but equal" intrastate public transportation was constitutional. Led to even further segregation, especially in the South  1939  Clark Doll Tests  1949-1951  NAACP initiates 5 cases against school segregation in different states  1954  Brown v. Board of Education

4. Life in the 1940’s

5.  Economic  Share cropping  If they could find a wage/salary job:  Equal pay for teachers?

6. Life in the 1940’s  Educational  $179 per white vs. $43 per black  61 black schools (6,531 pupils) total value $194,575 12 white schools (2,375 pupils) total value $673,850  35% over age ten illiterate

7. Life in the 1940’s  Political  Voting Literacy tests Poll Tax  Jim Crow Laws/ Etiquette Examples Illegal to have whites and blacks in the same room, unless they were separated by a 7 foot or higher wall. Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a white female Blacks were not allowed to show public affection because it offended whites  A dozen black men were lynched a month

8. Life in the 1940’s  Personal Accounts  Muhammad Ali Olympic Gold Medalist in Boxing  Jackie Robinson First Black man in Major League Baseball  Tuskegee Airmen First black pilots

9. Clark Doll Test

10.  Dr. Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark  Stereotypes and children's self-perception in relation to their race.  Black children ages 6-9 were shown two dolls, one white and the other black  Show me the doll that you like best or that you would like to play with.  Show me the doll that is the 'nice' doll.  Show me the doll that looks 'bad.‘  Give me the doll that looks like a white child.  Give me the doll that looks like a colored child.  Give me the doll that looks like you.

11. Clark Doll Test (cont.)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZryE2bqwdk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZryE2bqwdk  Often chose to play with the white dolls more than the black ones.  ‘White' = good and pretty.  ‘Black' = bad and ugly.  The last question considered the worse  Most of the black children had already identified the black doll as the bad one.

12. The Five Cases

13. Delaware  Belton v. Gebhart  Run-down segregated high school in a different city vs a white school in the community  Bulah v. Gebhart  Bus transportation for black children  Results  Chancellor of the US District Court ruled that it was discrimination 11 black children should be admitted to white school  Board of education appealed the decision

14. Washington D.C.  Bolling v. Sharpe  11 young Black students applied to be admitted to the John Philip Sousa Junior High School.  They were turned away Empty classrooms.  Results  Argued the issue was segregation itself  Dismissed Segregated schools were legal in D.C.

15. South Carolina  Briggs v. Elliott  Petition for school busses  Backed by Principle DeLaine  Used the findings of Clarks’ test Segregation=psychological damage to black children  Results  2-1 loss  “Equalization”  DeLaine and Briggs lost their jobs 1 judge move to Florida

16. Virginia  Davis v. School County Board  Students went on 2 week strike  No gymnasium, cafeteria, infirmary or teachers restrooms  Results  Overturned.  “Equalization”

17. Arkansas  Brown v. Topeka Board of Education  Parents petitioned to enroll kids in white schools  Oliver Brown was first parent listed  Results  Ruled against  Accepted Clark’s evidence

18. Brown v. Board of Education  Taken to the US Supreme Court  Used Clarks’ findings  14 th Amendment violation Didn’t require integration, but didn’t prohibit it.  Results  Plessy v. Ferguson overruled  Integrate schools!

19. Today?  Average white student:  73% white  8% black  Average black student  49 % black  28 % white.  Northeast: school segregation  42.7 % in 1968 to 51.4 % in 2011  Over ½ have poverty rates above 90%.  1.9% of schools serving whites have similar poverty rates  Clark studies still reach same results today  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSdKy2q6pEY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSdKy2q6pEY

20. Questions  Even though there is legal integration now, how successful do you believe Brown v. Board of Education was in getting rid of segregation?  What are some ideas on how we could “change the results” of the Clark Doll Study in the future?

21. References  http://eh.net/encyclopedia/african-americans-in-the-twentieth- century/  http://orig.jacksonsun.com/civilrights/sec1_crow.shtml  “Simple Justice” by Richard Kluger  http://www.nps.gov/brvb/learn/historyculture/people.htm  http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/05 /brown_v_board_of_education_60th_anniversary_america_s_schoo ls_are_segregating.html  http://www.usca.edu/aasc/briggsvelliott.htm  “Grappling with Diversity: Readings on Civil Rights Pedagogy and Critical Multiculturalism” by Susan Schramm-Pate and Rhonda B. Jeffries