1. Refraction: bending of light at the interface of 2 different materials

2. Refraction
In the Refraction lab you saw the laser light change angles when it traveled from air into water or oil.
Light changes directions because it changes speed: it actually travels slower in water, glass, oil, etc.

3. Refraction
To remember how light bends, use the “little red wagon” analogy.
When traveling from concrete (fast material) onto thick grass (slow material), the front wheel hits the grass and slows down, causing the front axle to rotate. This makes the wagon change directions.

4. Refraction
Wagon wheel turns at the interface

5. Refraction and Snell’s Law
Snells Law: the “equation” for refraction
ninsinΘin = noutsinΘout
n = index of refraction = property of the material
nwater= nglass = ndiamond = 2.4
n = speed of light in air / speed of light in other material
nair = 1.0

6. Refraction & snell’s law
Example:
Light traveling in air hits a glass window at an incident angle of 30 degrees. What is the refracted angle in the glass?
ninsinΘin = noutsinΘout
1.0 sin 30 = 1.5 sin Θout
Θout = 19.5 degrees

7. Total Internal Reflection
Total internal reflection happens when light is in “slow” material which is surrounded by “faster” material. An example is light traveling in plastic which has air surrounding it.
Light leaving the plastic will bend away from the perpendicular.
At a certain incident (incoming) angle (the critical angle) the outgoing light is at 90 degrees or would be traveling right along the interface between the 2 materials.

8. Total Internal Reflection, idea of the “critical angle”
Picture of the “critical angle”

9. Total Internal reflection
At the critical angle (incident) the outgoing angle is 90 degrees.
Happens only when the light is trying to go from slow material (larger index of refraction) to faster material (smaller index of refraction)

10. Critical angle for light going from water into air
Use Snell’s law with the outgoing angle = 90 degrees

11. Deeper or Shallower
When you look at a fish swimming in a stream, does it look bigger or smaller? Does it look shallower or deeper in the water?