1. Unit 8: Nucleic Acid The Genetic Material

2. DNA Bases: Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine
Deoxyribose nucleic acid  type of nucleic acid
DNA function
to hold genetic code
Genetic code = genetic instructions to make proteins
DNA is found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Bases:
Adenine Guanine
Thymine Cytosine

3. RNA Single stranded Found outside of nucleus to make proteins. Bases:
Adenine Cytosine
Uracil Guanine

4. Searching for Genetic Material
Gregor Mendel (1866):
discovered that inherited traits are determined by discrete units, or 'genes,’ - passed on from the parents.
Freidrich Miescher(1868):
discovered DNA
Isolated something new from the nuclei of eukaryotic cells
Later called DNA!!!

5. Discovering the structure of DNA
Photo 51
Rosalind Franklin
(1952)
Obtained sharp X-ray photographs of DNA (Photo 51)
Watson and Crick used her data  revealed its helical shape
Watson and Crick went on to win Nobel Prize (1962) for their DNA model

6. How did PHOTO 51 reveal DNA’s helical shape?

7.  X-rays passing through a helix diffract at angles perpendicular to helix making an "X" pattern, which favors an equal diameter "helix".

8. Discovering the structure of DNA
James Watson & Francis Crick (1953)
Discovered double helix structure
Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule
Watson Constructing Bair Pairs movie

9. DNA replication
Replication – making a copy of DNA before the cell divides (Mitosis).
DNA polymerase – enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new copy of DNA

11. Steps to DNA replication
Enzyme (helicase) unzips the DNA.
DNA polymerase (enzyme) matches the correct nucleotide to each side of the unzipped DNA.
DNA polymerase – proofreads their replication to make sure they did not make any mistakes.

12. RNA synthesis Ribose nucleic acid
RNA polymerase copies only one strand of the DNA in order to make the single-stranded RNA.

13. Protein Synthesis
Translation – reading RNA in order to get the correct amino acid.
Codon – group of 3 bases.
Amino acids are added for every three bases to build a protein.

15. Cells usable source of energy is called ATP
Cell Energy:
Cells usable source of energy is called ATP
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups

16. ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Adenine
Ribose
2 Phosphate groups

17. All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy
When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP

18. ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.