1. Emergency Exposure Situations Developing a National Capability for Response to a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency Requirements for Infrastructure Lecture IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

2. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response2 Introduction l Requirements for response preparedness divided into: n Infrastructure (preparedness) elements n Functional (response) elements l This lecture explains what infrastructure requirements contained in: n IAEA Standards (specifically GS-R-2) n EPR-Method 2003

3. 3 Content l Scope of emergency planning l Infrastructure elements l Optimization in planning l Summary Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

4. 4 What is Included in Emergency Planning? Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

5. 5 Planning Scope Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

6. 6 Common Planning Problems l Who is responsible? l No legal framework l “No teeth” l Lack of knowledge of the risks l Lack of resources l Lack of organization l Lack of co- ordination l Training “for exercises” l Public education l Public information l “Paper plans” Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

7. 7 Infrastructure Requirements B1.Authority B2.Organization B3.Co-ordination of emergency response B4.Plans and procedures B5.Logistical support and facilities B6.Training, drills and exercises B7.Quality assurance (management) programme Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

8. 8 B1. Authority l Acts, statutes and jurisdictions l Who is responsible for what? n Facility, municipalities, regions, national l Need a national policy n Roles and functions n Delegation and/or transfer of authorities in relevant emergency plans n Responsibilities Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

9. 9 B1. Authority (2) l Typical problems: n Who decides: local or national? sWho decides protective actions? n Who controls resources from ministries: ministry or national authority? n What if there is a disagreement on what to do? n Who should be notified first? n Who decides when to activate? Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

10. 10 B2. Organization l Review national policy, identify existing elements of incident command system (ICS) l Technical capabilities to respond to radiological emergencies integrated into organization l Block diagram established l Define authorities and role of each block l Concept of operations and functional requirements taken into consideration l Integration plans prepared l Staff Assignments Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

11. 11 Block Diagram - Example Plume exposure Ingestion control Environmental monitoring Technical assessment Liaison Evacuation Public warning Emergency social services Operations Spokesperson Media relations Crisis management Public information Financial Emergency director Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

12. 12 B3. Co-ordination of Emergency Response l Co-operation of Several organizations l Some tasks require capabilities from more than one organization n Example: food monitoring and control: ministries of agriculture, health, fisheries, environment, regulator l Agreements must be in place n Working together, units, methods, transfer of information l Agreements in writing Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

13. 13 B3. Co-ordination of Emergency Response Coordination l At national, regional, local and operator level for emergency management operations and operational interfaces l Among States when necessary n Common border n PAZ or UPZ shared l For synergizing tools, criteria or procedures for same emergency Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

14. 14 Interoperability Response COMMUNICATIONS UNITS PROCEDURES EQUIPMENT Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

15. 15 Border Agreements l If within PAZ or UPZ of another country’s reactor l Provide prompt notification to local authorities l Typical problem: Accident discovered through environmental detection, may be too late Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

16. 16 B4. Plans and Procedures Response plans must be documented l National, local and facility level l Each organization l Based on assessment of threats l Coordinated with other emergencies l Must address all response functions and infrastructure requirements l Must define: intervention levels, planning zone classification system l Must be implemented Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

17. 17 B4. Plans and Procedures (2) l Based on assessment of threats l Coordinated with other emergencies l Must address all response functions and infrastructure requirements l Must define: intervention levels, planning zone classification system l Must be implemented Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

18. 18 Classification System l Classification allows prompt assessment of risk, before release l Classification must originate from station (Threat Categories I, II and III) l Triggers initial actions Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

19. 19 Classification System (2) Common problems l Too complicated or not based on system used in station n Leads to delays in classification l Different systems on-site and off-site n Leads to confusion l Not properly understood by all n Leads to incorrect actions Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

20. 20 B4. Plans and Procedures (3) l Procedures, analytical tools and computer programs must be developed l Procedures n Common structure, appearance and terms n Stand-alone n Identify response position responsibilities n Designed to respond to readily available information n Must be tested under simulated conditions Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

21. 21 B4. Plans and Procedures (4) Procedures (continued) l Include steps to verify successful completion of procedure l List safety steps l Provide precautions and risks l Appendix 12 provides outline for procedures Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

22. 22 B5. Logistical Support and Facilities l Needs analysis l Facilities and equipment for all response functions l Laboratories for sample analysis l Survey and sampling teams l Information management l Communications systems Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

23. 23 B5. Logistical Support and Facilities (2) l Locations and facilities must be n Designed to support functions that will take place within them n Usable under emergency conditions n Integrated into ICS l Developing adequate facility or location n Starts with determining functions of facility/ location n Ends with testing them (See Appendix 14 in EPR- Method) Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

24. 24 B5. Logistical Support and Facilities (3) l Assembly point l Assistance centres l Control room l Designated hospital l Emergency operations facility l Facility medical service l Incident command post l Notification point l Operational support centre Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

25. 25 B5. Logistical Support and Facilities (4) l Public information centre l Radiological monitoring and assessment centre l Referral hospital for over exposed/contaminated l Relocation/reception centres l Emergency operations centre l Staging area l Technical support centre l Triage area l Warning point Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

26. 26 B6. Training, Drills and Exercises l Training requirements for each position l Training programme l Training material l Tests l Feedback process Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

27. 27 B7. Quality Assurance Programme Two approaches l Processes (ISO 9000 elements) n Emergency preparedness processes n Based on infrastructure requirements n Emergency response processes n Based on functional requirements l Measurements (ISO 17025 elements) n Field and lab measurements n Analytical techniques Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

28. 28 B7. Quality Assurance Programme (2) Processes approach (ISO 9000 elements) n Determination of criteria and methods to ensure processes operate effectively n Documents control sIdentification, approval, review, and update of documents sAssure correct documents in correct position(s) n Records control n Management review n Resources management Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

29. 29 B7. Quality Assurance Programme (3) Measurements approach (ISO 17025 elements) l Management requirements n Records control n Services and supplies n Analysis of non-conformities cause Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

30. 30 B7. Quality Assurance Programme (4) Measurements approach (ISO 17025 elements) (cont) n Technical requirements sStaff training sFacilities and environmental conditions sMethods and validations sUncertainties sEquipment sTraceability sHandling of samples sReports Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

31. 31 This is going to cost a lot, right? Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

32. 32 Not necessarily... Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

33. 33 Golden Rules of Optimization l Use existing resources and systems l If resources are not available, know where to find them l Consolidate training with other courses l Integrate planning with other emergency plans l Update planning and maintain it l Perform exercises frequently n Well exercised plan is better than extensive procedures l People must “buy into” the plan Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

34. 34 Summary l Emergency planning covers broad scope of activities l Infrastructure requirements describe what is needed to enable good response l Functional requirements describe response that should be achieved l Both are described in EPR-Method l Integration and consolidation of existing systems can reduce costs and enhance the state of preparedness Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response

35. 35 Where to Get More Information l IAEA, Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, Safety Standards Series No. GS-R-2, IAEA, Vienna (2002) l IAEA, Method for Developing Arrangements for Response to a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, EPR-Method, IAEA, Vienna (2003) (updating TECDOC- 953) Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response