1. Indirect land use change - a view from IEA Bioenergy Göran Berndes IEA Bioenergy Task 43 Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden (presented by Uwe R. Fritsche, IEA Bioenergy Task 40 National Team Leader, Öko-Institut, Germany)

2. Need to discuss bioenergy/LUC with regard to – longer term perspectives – 2 o C target for 2050 (G8 and UNFCCC) – need for radical energy system transformation Incentive schemes and regulation mainly concerned with iLUC favor bioenergy systems with low iLUC risks but which are in other respects inferior (e.g. overall CO 2 reduction) Strict focus on climate benefits from ecosystem protection may lead to increased conversion pressure on valuable ecosystems that have low C density

3. One critical strategic question is how society should use the ”remaining space” for GHG emissions

4. – Some of the emission space might be required to develop a biomass industry capable of providing renewable energy & material services for the world in the long-term Remaining emission space Fill it up with fossil carbon...or use some space for developing alternatives to fossil fuels? LUC for bioenergy Non-fossil fuel related

5. Forest bioenergy systems are associated with carbon emissions and sequestration that are not in temporal balance with each other. Evaluation systems that rely on narrow accounting and short time horizons fail to detect important features of forest bioenergy systems Active forest management can ensure that increased biomass output need not take place at the cost of reduced forest carbon stocks (but biodiversity is an issue) Forest bioenergy

7. Stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at levels proposed in relation to the 2-degree target requires drastic changes in the way the global energy system functions. Source: Chalmers Climate Calculator Business as usual Scenarios where the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations stabilize somewhat above 450 ppm. Even lower levels needed for high likelihood of staying below 2 degree warming 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 19601980200020202040206020802100 Atmospheric CO 2 concentration (parts per million, ppm)

8. Stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at levels proposed in relation to the 2-degree target requires drastic changes in the way the global energy system functions. The BAU scenario reduces deforestation to 10% of 2010 level by 2100. Bending the BAU curve to stay below 450 ppm requires drastic energy system transformation Business as usual 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 19601980200020202040206020802100 Atmospheric CO 2 concentration (parts per million, ppm) Source: Chalmers Climate Calculator

9. 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 19601980200020202040206020802100 Atmospheric CO 2 concentration (parts per million, ppm) The effect of strongly reduced LUC emissions is relatively small compared to what is required for reaching such stabilization targets. But the lower the target the more important will LUC emissions be The difference between the two lower graphs is due to different LUC emissions. The upmost graph corresponds to a scenario that has constant deforestation rate equal to the 2010 level up to 2100. The lowest graph corresponds to a scenario where the deforestation rate is reduced linearly to reach 10% of the 2010 level by 2100 (same as the BAU case). Source: Chalmers Climate Calculator