1. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

2. Definition
Dysplasia of the hip that develop during fetal life or in infancy.
It ranges from dysplasia of the acetabulum (shallow acetabulum) to subluxation of the joint to complete dislocation.
The old name was ‘‘congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH).’’ The name has changed to indicate that not all cases are present at birth and that some cases can develop later on during infancy and childhood

3. Types:
DDH is classified into two major groups :
Typical and teratologic .
Typical DDH occurs in otherwise normal patients or those without defined syndromes or genetic conditions.
Teratologic hip dislocations usually have identifiable causes such as arthrogyposis or a genetic syndrome and occur before birth.

4. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
1. Complete hip dislocation. 2. Partial hip subluxation. 3. Hip dysplasia (incomplete development).

5. Incidence
Most newborn screening studies suggest that some degree of hip instability can be detected in 1/100 to 1/250 babies, actual dislocated or dislocatable hips are much less common, being found in of 1000 live births.
There is marked geographic and racial variation in the incidence of DDH.
More inidence of DDH IN Sweden,Yugoslavia and Canada.

6. Children in Native American and Eastern European cultures, which have a relatively high incidence of DDH, have historically been swaddled in confining clothes that bring their hips into extension.
This position increases the tension of the psoas muscle-tendon unit and might predispose the hips to displace and eventually dislocate laterally and superiorly.
African and Asian caregivers have traditionally carried babies against their bodies in a shawl so that a child ’s hips are flexed, abducted, and free to move.
This keeps the hips in the optimal position for stability and for dynamic molding of the developing acetabulum by the cartilaginous femoral head.

7. Recommended
Not recommended

9. Etiology
A positive family history for DDH is found in 12-33% of affected patients.
DDH is more common among female patients (80%). This is thought to be due to the greater susceptibility of female fetuses to maternal hormones such as relaxin, which increases ligamentous laxity
Primigravida.
Breech presentation(2-3%).
Oligohydramnios ,primi gravida and large baby ( crowding phenomenon ).
Adduction and Extension postnatally.

10. Associated conditions
Torticollis
metatarsus adductus
calcaneovalgus feet

11. The left hip is the most commonly affected hip
In the most common fetal position, this is the hip that is usually forced into adduction against the mother’s sacrum.
Girls are affected 5 times more than boys.

12. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN NEWBORNS
Usually asymptomatic and must be screened by special maneuvers
1) Barlow test.
It is a provocative test that attempts to dislocate an unstable hip.
- Flexion ,adduction, posteriorly.
- “Clunk”

13. Clinical Features : Neonates
BARLOW’S TEST ( bahar lo)

14. Clinical Features : Neonates
BARLOW’S TEST ( bahar lo)

15. 2) Ortolani test
It is a maneuver to reduce a recently dislocated hip.
Flexion, abduction, anteriorly.
We can`t use X-rays because the acetabulum and proximal femur are cartilaginous and wont be shown on X-ray.
US is the best method to Dx.

16. Clinical Features : Neonates
ORTOLANI SIGN

17. Clinical Features : Neonates
ORTOLANI SIGN

18. Clinical Manifestations
In infants:
As the baby enters the 2nd and 3rd months of life, the soft tissues begin to tighten and the Ortolani and Barlow tests are no longer reliable.
Shortening of the thigh, the Galeazzi sign , is best appreciated by placing both hips in 90 degrees of flexion and comparing the height of the knees, looking for asymmetry
Asymmetry of thigh and gluteal skin folds.

19. The most diagnostic sign is Ortolani’s limitation of abduction.
Abduction less than 60 degrees is almost diagnostic.
X-rays after the age of 3 months can be helpful esp. after the appearance of the ossific nucleus of the femoral head
US is 100% diagnostic.

20. Limitation of Abduction
MOST RELIABLE SIGN

21. Galeazzi’s Sign

22. Asymmetric gluteal, thigh, labial folds

24. In walking child In older children:
Complaints of limping, waddling (bilateral DDH), lumbar lordosis, limitation of hip abduction, toe-walking, wide perineum, etc…

26. Screening
All neonates should have a clinical examination for hip instability
Risk factors :
breech presentation
family history
torticollis
oligohydramnios
metatarsus adductus
USG SCREENING

27. CLINICAL
&
USG
normal
normal
normal
ABnormal
ABnormal
F/U till maturity
REPEAT AT 6 WKS
ABnormal
normal
Clinical & USG normal
REPEAT AT 3 & 6 WKS
ABnormal
Closed / open reduction

28. DIAGNOSIS
1. ULTRA SOUND
In the Graf technique, the transducer is placed over the greater trochanter, which allows visualization of the ilium, the bony acetabulum, the labrum, and the femoral epiphysis
The angle formed by the line of the ilium and a line tangential to the boney roof of the acetabulum is termed the α angle and represents the depth of the acetabulum.
Values > 60 degrees are considered normal, and those < 60 degrees imply acetabular dysplasia.

29. The β angle is formed by a line drawn tangential to the labrum and the line of the ilium; this represents the cartilaginous roof of the acetabulum.
A normal β angle is < 55 degrees, as the femoral head subluxates, the β angle increases.

31. Graf classification of DDH [ simplified]
Alpha angle
Beta angle
description 1
>60
<55
normal 2
43-60
55-77
Delayed ossification 3
<43
>77
lateralization 4
unmeasurable
dislocated

32. X-ray von rosen view: hips abducted 45º &medially rotated.
Anteroposterior.
We draw a line through the central axis of the femoral shaft.
in normal hip ( ossific nucleus )will be inside the acetabulum.
in dislocated hip it will be above acetabulum.

35. X-ray Horizontal line of Hilgenreiner:
drawn between upper ends of tri-radiate cartilage of the acetabulum.
Vertical line of perkins:
drawn from the lateral edge of the acetabulum vertical to horizontal line.
4 quadrants:
Normal hip: the ossification center of the femoral hip lower medial quadrant.
Dislocated hip: upper lateral quadrant.

36. Pe

39. X-ray Acetabular index:
angle between horizontal line of hilgenreiner and the line between the two edges of the acetabulum.
normal hip 20º30
dilocated or dysplastic hip ≥ 30º
Shenton’s line:
semicircle between femoral neck and upper arm of obturator foramen, in dislocated hip this line is broken.

41. Treatment The earlier the better.
Best time for treatment is in newborn period.
It depends on the device and age of the patient.
Goal is to:
1.Flex and abduct hips.
2.Reduce femoral head and maintaining it.

42. The goals in the management of DDH are to obtain and maintain a concentric reduction of the femoral head within the acetabulum to provide the optimal environment for the normal development of both the femoral head and acetabulum.
The later the diagnosisof DDH is made, the more difficult it is to achieve these goals, the less potential there is for acetabular and proximal femoral remodeling, and the more complex are the required treatments

43. Treatment From (1-6 months) use Pavlik Harness.
From 6 months -2 year use hip spica.
From the age of >2 year
traction , adductor tenotomy , surgical closed reduction, salter innominate osteotomy.

44. Infant 1 – 6 months of Age First choice is PAVLIK harness
Ensure hip > 90 degrees flexion

45. Infant 1 – 6 months of age weekly clinical examination & USG
By 3 weeks stable reduction must
Continue till radiographs show normal acetabulum
Results :
95% of initially dysplastic hips normal
80% dislocated and not initially reducible were successfully reduced
Higher dislocations had a higher failure rate
The rate of AVN was 2.38%.

46. Pavlik harness Standard of treatment worldwide Upto 6 months
Contraindicated when there is major muscle imbalance (myelomeningocele,ligamentous laxity)

48. Complications of Pavlik Harness
AVN
Failure to reduce
Femoral nerve neuropathy
Inferior dislocation
Pavlik’s disease (flattening posterolateral acetabulum)

49. Von Rosens splint

50. Child 6 months to 2 years of age
Closed or open reduction + adductor tenotomy
If closed reduction fails then surgeon should be prepared for an open procedure

51. Closed reduction Force should be avoided Check for safe zone
Post reduction:
Spica change every six weeks plus stability check
Continue spica for 3-4 months

52. Safe Zone 20 to 30 degrees from maximum abduction
extended to below 90 degrees
without redislocation
Safe zone can be improved
with adductor tenotomy

53. Management of DDH – Guidelines
18 to 36 months
3 to 8 years
0 to 6 months
6 to 18 months
Pri, open
reduction with
Femoral
shortening
Pri. open
reduction
Pavliks Harness
Traction
Closed reduction
Hip spica
6 weeks no
reduction
Arthrography
No reduction
>1/3rd head
visible
Open reduction
Pelvic osteotomy

54. A 6-week-old female infant is referred to your practice for concerns of developmental dysplasia of the hip. On physical exam, you note a positive Ortolani test on the left side. Pavlik harness treatment is initiated. Which of the following imaging modalities should be utilized at the two week follow-up visit?
1.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
2.  Computed Tomography (CT)
3.  Ultrasound (US)
4.  Plain Radiographs
5.  Arthrogram and Dynamic Fluroscopy
Which of the following concepts regarding pediatric hips is true?  Review Topic
1.  The proximal femoral physis and greater trochanteric apophysis develop from different cartilaginous physes
2.  The proximal femoral physis grows at a rate of 9 mm per year
3.  Normal infant femoral anteversion is between degrees
4.  The ossific nucleus of the proximal femur is visible on radiographs by 6 months of age in most children
5.  Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) typically occurs through the zone of proliferation
 Failure to achieve reduction of a dislocated hip in an otherwise healthy 4 month old infant which did not reduce after 3 weeks in a Pavlik harness and 3 weeks in an abduction brace is best treated with which of the following?  Review Topic
1.  Adjusting the harness to 75 degrees of abduction and maintaing 90 degrees of hip flexion
2.  Adjusting the harness to 75 degrees of abduction and increasing hip flexion to 120 degrees
3.  Closed reduction with hip arthrogram, adductor tenotomy if necessary, and hip spica casting
4.  Open reduction and femoral shortening osteotomy
5.  Open reduction, femoral shortening osteotomy, and pelvic acetabular osteotomy

55. In patients older than 12-months of age with developmental dysplasia of the hip, all of the following physical exam findings are likely present EXCEPT?  Review Topic
1.  Limited hip abduction
2.  Positive Ortolani maneuver
3.  Abnormal leg lengths on Galeazzi testing
4.  Trendelenburg gait
5.  Pelvic obliquity
n infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), anatomic closed reduction may be prevented by all of the following anatomic structure EXCEPT.  Review Topic
1.  Interposition of gluteus medius
2.  Limbus formed by fibrous tissue and hyaline cartilage
3.  Ligamentum teres and prominent fibrofatty pulvinar tissue
4.  Contracted transverse acetabular ligament
5.  Inverted acetabular labrum
 A five-year-old boy with cerebral palsy presents to the clinic with a dislocated right hip, what quadrant of the acetabulum is most likely deficient?  Review Topic
1.  Anterior-inferior
2.  Anterior-superior
3.  Posterior-superior
4.  Posterior-inferior
5.  Anterior-inferior and anterior-superior