1. 1 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS Types of flowers Self-pollination vs Cross-pollination Insect-pollinated vs Wind-pollinated Fertilisation

2. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 2 FLOWERS UnisexualBisexual Flower with either the male part or the female part Flower with both the male and female parts male and female flowers can be found on same plant (Monoecious plant) e.g. maize plant male and female flowers are borne on separate trees (Dioecious plant) e.g. papaya plant (see next slide) e.g. hibiscus, morning glory, string bean plant

3. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 3 papaya flowers

4. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 4 maize flowers

5. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 5 What is pollination? –To reproduce sexually, you need to fuse a male sex cell with a female sex cell. –The male sex cell must be brought to the female sex cell. In animals, there is the mating process. –How about for plants? They can’t move from place to place! –They need an external agent and since it is the male sex cell which are contained in the pollen grains that gets transferred, the process of transferring the pollen grains from the male part of the flower to the female part is known as pollination. –Pollination must occur before fertilisation can occur. POLLINATION

6. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 6 Pollen

7. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 7 POLLINATION Flower B of Plant BFlower A of Plant A Flower B of Plant A

8. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 8 Self-Pollination vs Cross Pollination SELF-POLLINATION –Pollen grains falling on the stigma of the same flower or of a different flower but of the same plant –Not favoured because offspring weaker and less adaptable to changes in the environment. –Analogy : Marrying within same family CROSS-POLLINATION –Pollen grains falling on the stigma of another flower of the same kind but on a different plant –Favoured because offsprings healthier and has more variety.

9. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 9 Self-pollination vs Cross-pollination

10. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 10 How does a plant ensure there are more chances of cross-pollination than self-pollination? 1.Presence of dioecious plants 2.For those with bisexual flowers, the male and female parts of the flower mature at different times 3.The male and female parts of a bisexual flower may be some distance away or at a certain position such that self-pollination is difficult.

11. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 11 Helpers of Pollination Pollen cannot move on its own from the anther to the stigma. Help must be given. The insects and the wind help in transferring the pollen. However, insects and wind are very different helpers so insect-pollinated flowers and wind- pollinated flowers must look very different from each other to facilitate the process. How different are they?

12. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 12 Insect-pollinated Flowers vs Wind-pollinated Flowers 2.Nectar presentNectar absent 4.Stigma is sticky so that pollen grains that land on it cannot be easily shaken off Stigma is larger with feathery branches for catching pollen grains. Not sticky 5.Pollen grains are large and heavy with rough surface for sticking to insect’s body. Smaller number produced Pollen grains are smaller, smoother and light, easily blown by wind. Larger number of pollen grains produced 1.Flowers are large, brightly- coloured and scented Flowers are smaller and scentless with dull coloured petals 3.Stamens and stigma hidden inside petals. Filaments not pendulous. Flowers face upwards Stamens and stigma hang out of the flower. Filaments are long and pendulous. Flowers hang down for easy shaking

13. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 13 Insect pollinated flower e.g. Hibiscus

14. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 14 wind pollination - grass flower

15. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 15 Grass flower

16. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 16 Wind pollination e.g. Maize, grass

17. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 17 Sexual parts of a flower

18. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 18 Releasing the pollens

19. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 19

20. Mrs Theresa Teo GE2003 20 Fertilization When all the ovules have been fertilised, the petals, stamens, stigma and style are no longer needed. They will usually wither and fall away, leaving an ovary in which the ovules are developing into seeds.