1. Sexual Reproduction In Animals and Plants
Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
Advantages and disadvantages of each type of reproduction
How plants reproduce

2. Reproduction can be asexual or sexual
Asexual reproduction – single parent passes copies of all its genes to offspring
Offspring is a clone of its parent
Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes can reproduce asexually
Sexual reproduction – two parents form reproductive cells that have half the number of chromosomes of parents
Offspring have traits of each parent but is genetically different from each
Eukaryotes can reproduce asexually

3. Asexual Reproduction Advantages/Disadvan tages Types Fission
Fragmentation
Budding
Asexual reproduction simplest and most primitive form of reproduction
Produce many offspring in short period of time
Little genetic variation – problem in changing environment

4. Sexual Reproduction Advantages/Disadvan tages Evolution
May have evolved from mechanisms used by early life to repair DNA
Only diploid cells can do DNA repair
Many enzymes that are involved in DNA repair are also involved in meiosis
Organism must use energy to produce gametes and find mate
Quickly makes different combinations of genes – creates genetic diversity which is the raw material of evolution

5. Sexual Life Cycles of Eukaryotes
Animals have a diploid life cycle – life cycle is dominated by diploid stage – which produces haploid gametes – which fuse to form diploid zygote
Plants have a life cycle that alternates between diploid and haploid
Diploid phase in plants called sporophytes
Sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis
Spores develop into haploid multicellular individuals called gametophytes without fusing with another cell
Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis.
Gametes fuse and give rise to the diploid phase

6. Plant Life Cycle
Complex plants have sporophytes and gametophytes that appear very different
In mosses, the haploid gametophyte is dominant
In flowering plants, the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant

7. Reproduction in Seed Plants
Seed plant gametophytes are made up of only a few cells
Male gametophytes produce pollen

8. Ovule
Female gametophytes develop within an ovule – which is part of the sporophyte. After fertilization by pollen – the ovule and its contents develop into a seed
Seed plants can reproduce sexually without water –wind, insects and birds carry pollen to the female parts of the plant - pollination

9. Seeds Seeds contain the embryos of plants
An embryo is a new sporophyte
Outer layers of ovule harden to form protective seed coat
Leaf-like structures called cotyledons are part of plant embryo – they provide nutrients to embryo

10. Flowers Gametophytes develop within flowers Outermost whorl = sepals
Second whorl = petals (these are brightly colored to attract birds and insects)

11. Stamen – produces pollen; consists of anther and filament
Pistil – produces ovules; consists of ovary, style and stigma (sticky part where pollen sticks)

12. Fruit Structure of the plant that contains the seed
Develops from one or more of the flower’s ovaries
Apples, tomatoes, avocados, cucumbers, pumpkins, okra – anything that contains seed(s) is a fruit

13. Vegetables Other part of plant that we eat – leaf, root, stem…
Any part of the plant that we eat that does not contain the seed
Celery, carrots, potatoes, spinach, etc….
Parts of plant not directly involved in reproduction