1. Any change in the DNA base sequence is called a mutation
Genetic Mutations
Any change in the DNA base sequence is called a mutation

2. Why is the Tiger White DNA mRNAprotein
Mutations are changes in the genetic code
Some changes are lethal, and some don’t matter at all.
(This tiger is white because of a genetic mutation)

3. Mutations in gamete cells mutation passed on to offspring
Mutations in body cells damage to a gene = cell malfunction. New cells will also have malfunction

4. How do Mutations happen?
Mutations: good, bad or neutral- most often neutral
Spontaneous
Nuclear radiation
Ultraviolet light- sunlight
Chemicals
Mutagen- causes mutations

5. Decode this sequence
mRNA ACU– GGA – CCA -- UUC
Protein ____ _____ ____ ____
threonine glycine proline phenylalanine
Now change just the last C to a G
What do you get?
leucine

6. A change of one base is called a point mutation
mRNA ACU– GGA – CCA -- UUC
threonine glycine proline phenylalanine
Change the last C to a U- what happens?
Sometimes point mutations don’t matter

7. Insertions and Deletions are Frameshift mutations
mRNA ACU– GGA – CCA -- UUC
Take out the first C
AUG-- GAC– CAU– UC
Meth ASP Hist ???
Called Frame shift mutations

8. Mutations
Point mutations (substitutions)- may or may not be a big deal
Frame shift mutations (insertions or deletions)- always a big deal

9. Example of a point mutation
Sickle cell anemia
One base change- one amino acid substitution
Hemoglobin does not function normally