1. Groups and Organizations
Chapter 6
Groups and Organizations

2. Chapter Outline Using the Sociological Imagination
Concept of the Group
Types of Groups
Social Interaction in Groups
Formal Organizations
Dynamics of Formal Organizations
Formal Organizations in Japan

3. Groups Members of groups: Interact Share culture
Consider one another’s behavior
Have some common interests and goals

4. Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Groups
Nature of Relationship
Close social interaction
Impersonal
Function
Emotional support, socialization
Help achieve group goals
Examples
Family, soldiers, street gang
Class, team, law firm

5. Conditions Favoring Primary Groups
Small group size.
Face to face contact.
Continuous contact.
Proper social environment.

6. Size of State Bureaucracies

7. Social Network
Links a person with a wide variety of individuals and groups.
Provide a sense of belonging and social support and help in the job market.

8. Types of Social Interaction
Theoretical Perspective
Type of Social Interaction
Functionalism
Conformity
Conflict theory
Coercion
Symbolic Interactionism
Social exchange

9. Social Interaction and Group Life
Cooperation
Conflict
Social exchange
Coercion
Conformity

10. Cards for Asch’s Experiments

11. Major Characteristics of Bureaucracy
A division of labor based on the principle of specialization.
A hierarchy of authority.
Organizational affairs are based on a system of rules and procedures.

12. Major Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Members of the organization maintain written records of their organizational activities.
Statuses in the organization, especially managerial ones, are considered full-time jobs.

13. Major Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Relationships within the organization are impersonal, devoid of favoritism.
Employees of bureaucratic organizations do not own their positions.

14. University Organization Chart

15. Problems with Bureaucracy
Dehumanizing social environment
Wastefulness.
“Peter principle” - Once reaching a level of incompetence members shift their concern to sustaining organization values.
Goal displacement
Trained incapacity

16. Military Bureaucracy

17. Inter-organizational Relationships Involving the Police

18. Organization and Oligarchy
How organizational factors encourage oligarchy:
Organizations need a hierarchy of authority to delegate decision making.
Advantages held by leaders at the top allow them to consolidate their power.
Membership tends to defer to the skills possessed by their leaders.