1. World History/Cultures Chapter 16-The Age of Imperialism Section 4- Imperialism in the Americas

2.  Monroe Doctrine Spain wanted to reclaim former colonies in Latin America. Spain wanted to reclaim former colonies in Latin America. U.S. didn't want Spain close to its borders. U.S. didn't want Spain close to its borders. Great Britain had good trade relations with Latin America & didn't Great Britain had good trade relations with Latin America & didn't want it disrupted by Spain. want it disrupted by Spain. Great Britain wants to issue joint warning to European powers with U.S. Great Britain wants to issue joint warning to European powers with U.S.

3.  Monroe Doctrine con’t U.S. acts by itself through President James Monroe & Secretary of U.S. acts by itself through President James Monroe & Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. State John Quincy Adams. 1823: Monroe warns European powers not to interfere in Western 1823: Monroe warns European powers not to interfere in Western Hemisphere countries- Monroe Doctrine. Hemisphere countries- Monroe Doctrine. American continents not to be colonized. American continents not to be colonized. Attempt to colonize threat to America’s safety. Attempt to colonize threat to America’s safety.

4.  Monroe Doctrine con’t 1895: Great Britain had conflict with Venezuela over borders with 1895: Great Britain had conflict with Venezuela over borders with British Guiana. U.S. urged dispute should be settled by arbitration. British Guiana. U.S. urged dispute should be settled by arbitration. Using Monroe Doctrine, U.S. issues warning to Great Britain to Using Monroe Doctrine, U.S. issues warning to Great Britain to accept arbitration. Problems in British empire & aware of U.S. power, Great Britain agreed to peace with Venezuela.

5.  Spanish-American War After Guiana border dispute, U.S. focused on Puerto Rico & Cuba, Spanish colonies in late 1800s. After Guiana border dispute, U.S. focused on Puerto Rico & Cuba, Spanish colonies in late 1800s. Cuba's tobacco & sugar plantations important to Spain. Cuba's tobacco & sugar plantations important to Spain. 1895, Jose Marti, political activist, led Cubans in bloody revolt against 1895, Jose Marti, political activist, led Cubans in bloody revolt against Spanish rule. Cubans sent to prison camps with harsh conditions. Spanish rule. Cubans sent to prison camps with harsh conditions. U.S. sympathetic for Cubans struggle for freedom. U.S. sympathetic for Cubans struggle for freedom.

6.  Spanish-American War con’t Jan 1898: President William McKinley sent Battleship Maine to Havana, Cuba. Jan 1898: President William McKinley sent Battleship Maine to Havana, Cuba. The Maine explodes in Havana Harbor & kills 260 American sailors. The Maine explodes in Havana Harbor & kills 260 American sailors. Cry "Remember the Maine" - spreads across U.S. Cry "Remember the Maine" - spreads across U.S.

7.  Spanish-American War con’t American newspapers report Spain responsible for the Maine disaster. American newspapers report Spain responsible for the Maine disaster. April 1898: McKinley & Congress declare war on Spain. April 1898: McKinley & Congress declare war on Spain. War lasted four months- victory for U.S. War lasted four months- victory for U.S.

8.  American Territories 1867: U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia. 1867: U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia. 1868: U.S. annexed Hawaii. 1868: U.S. annexed Hawaii. 1898: After Spanish-American War, U.S. gained Spanish 1898: After Spanish-American War, U.S. gained Spanish Territories in the Pacific- Philippines & Guam & Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Territories in the Pacific- Philippines & Guam & Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Cuba independent stayed under American protection. Cuba independent stayed under American protection. 1917: U.S. purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark. 1917: U.S. purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark.

9.  Panama Canal Spanish-American War- U.S. world power. Spanish-American War- U.S. world power. U.S. needed to move fleet between Pacific & Atlantic Oceans. U.S. needed to move fleet between Pacific & Atlantic Oceans. Canal needed across Isthmus of Panama. Canal needed across Isthmus of Panama. 1880s: Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of Suez Canal, failed to build 1880s: Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of Suez Canal, failed to build Panama Canal. 13 years after de Lessee's company went bankrupt, President 13 years after de Lessee's company went bankrupt, President Theodore Roosevelt with Congress backing, acquired Panama Canal rights & property. 1902: Panama part of Columbia. Roosevelt unsuccessful in 1902: Panama part of Columbia. Roosevelt unsuccessful in negotiating treaty to build canal.

10.  Panama Canal con’t 1903: U.S. agents encourage People of Panama to revolt against 1903: U.S. agents encourage People of Panama to revolt against Columbia. With help of U.S. Navy, Colombian troops unable to land- rebellion over quickly. New Republic of Panama signs treaty- grants U.S. land to build canal. 1904-1914: Panama Canal built. Workers die from malaria & yellow 1904-1914: Panama Canal built. Workers die from malaria & yellow fever. Sanitation measures to control disease-carrying mosquitoes. Canal- great engineering feat. Canal- great engineering feat.

11.  Panama Canal con’t Panama Canal spreads U.S. influence in Latin America. Panama Canal spreads U.S. influence in Latin America. 1904: President extends Monroe Doctrine- became known as 1904: President extends Monroe Doctrine- became known as Roosevelt Corollary. Under this, U.S. intervened to force Latin American countries to honor their foreign debts.

12.  Panama Canal con’t 1904-1924: U.S. intervened in Dominican Republic, Haiti & 1904-1924: U.S. intervened in Dominican Republic, Haiti & Nicaragua. U.S. viewed actions- provided stability & spread democracy.  Latin America view U.S. actions possibly turning their countries into colonies & protect business that exploited their resources.

13.  Mexico 1800s-1900s: U.S. involved in Mexico. 1800s-1900s: U.S. involved in Mexico. 1830s: Dictator, Santa Ana, met with opposition in Mexican state of Texas. Many Americans settled there. 1830s: Dictator, Santa Ana, met with opposition in Mexican state of Texas. Many Americans settled there. 1835: Americans & some Mexicans revolt & set up republic of Texas. 1835: Americans & some Mexicans revolt & set up republic of Texas. 1845: Texas republic joins U.S. as a state. Conflict between Mexico & U.S. Mexico defeated in Mexican War. 1845: Texas republic joins U.S. as a state. Conflict between Mexico & U.S. Mexico defeated in Mexican War. 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- almost half of Mexico's territory goes to U.S. 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- almost half of Mexico's territory goes to U.S.

14.  Reform/Conflict Era of change in Mexico- La Reforma. Mexicans chose Benito Juarez as President. Era of change in Mexico- La Reforma. Mexicans chose Benito Juarez as President. 1863: French occupy Mexico City. Juarez fled & organized guerrilla movement. 1863: French occupy Mexico City. Juarez fled & organized guerrilla movement. 1864: French name Austrian Archduke Maximilian emperor of Mexico. 1864: French name Austrian Archduke Maximilian emperor of Mexico. 1867: U.S. pressures French to withdraw. Juarez returns to power. 1867: U.S. pressures French to withdraw. Juarez returns to power. 1872: After Juarez death, General Diaz seized power. Strengthened army & limited individual freedoms. Mexico made economic advances. Profits went to the wealthy. Most Mexicans stayed poor. 1872: After Juarez death, General Diaz seized power. Strengthened army & limited individual freedoms. Mexico made economic advances. Profits went to the wealthy. Most Mexicans stayed poor.

15.  Mexican Revolution 1910-1920: People discontent with Diaz & revolt. Mexicans immigrate to U.S. 1910-1920: People discontent with Diaz & revolt. Mexicans immigrate to U.S. Revolution started when liberal reformer, Francisco Madero, overthrew Diaz in 1910. Revolution started when liberal reformer, Francisco Madero, overthrew Diaz in 1910.

16.  Mexican Revolution con’t Madero murdered by General Huerta. Mexico revolts & American intervention removes Huerta from power. Madero murdered by General Huerta. Mexico revolts & American intervention removes Huerta from power. 3 revolutionary leaders vie for power: Zapata, "Pancho" Villa & Carranza. 3 revolutionary leaders vie for power: Zapata, "Pancho" Villa & Carranza. Zapata fought for rights of poor farmers. Zapata fought for rights of poor farmers.

17.  Mexican Revolution con’t Zapata & Villa proposed medical reforms. Zapata & Villa proposed medical reforms. 1915: Carranza, a conservative, becomes President. 1915: Carranza, a conservative, becomes President. Villa retaliated- went into New Mexico & killed 18 Americans. Villa retaliated- went into New Mexico & killed 18 Americans.

18.  Mexican Revolution con’t President Woodrow Wilson sent troops into Mexico to capture Villa. President Woodrow Wilson sent troops into Mexico to capture Villa. Outbreak of World War I caused withdrawal of American troops from Mexico. Outbreak of World War I caused withdrawal of American troops from Mexico. Carranza introduced a liberal constitution, slow in reforms. Carranza introduced a liberal constitution, slow in reforms.

19.  Mexican Revolution con’t 1919: pro-Carranza military officer murdered Zapata, who protested Carranza's disregard of land reform. 1919: pro-Carranza military officer murdered Zapata, who protested Carranza's disregard of land reform. 1920: Carranza killed during a revolt. General Obregon now in power. 1920: Carranza killed during a revolt. General Obregon now in power. 1920s: Tensions relaxed between Mexico & U.S. American intervention not forgotten by Mexicans. 1920s: Tensions relaxed between Mexico & U.S. American intervention not forgotten by Mexicans.