1. Chapter 4 Foundations and Principles of Pharmacology Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1

2. Learning Objectives  Define the key words used in pharmacology and medication administration  Explain differences between the chemical, generic, official, and brand names of medicines  List the basic types of drug actions  Describe the four basic physiologic processes that affect medications in the body 2 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3. Overview  Pharmacokinetics  Pharmacodynamics  Pharmacotherapeutics  Box 4-1: Key Words Used in Pharmacology and Drug Administration 3 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4. Drug Names  Generic name  Trade name; ® symbol  Chemical name  Official name 4 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5. Types of Drug Actions  Drug attachment  Receptor sites 5 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6. Drug Receptor Sites 6 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7. Drug Attachment  Agonist  Antagonist  Partial Agonist 7 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

8. Basic Drug Processes  Absorption  Distribution  Metabolism  Excretion 8 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

9. Four Processes of Drug Utilization 9 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

10. Absorption How a drug enters the body and passes into body fluids and tissues  Absorption processes:  Diffusion—high concentration to lower concentration  Filtration—a filter prevents passage of certain molecules  Osmosis—diffusion through a semipermeable membrane from a less dense solution to a more dense solution 10 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

11. Diffusion 11 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

12. Filtration 12 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

13. Osmosis 13 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

14. Distribution  Blood system  Lymph system  Barriers:  Blood-brain  Placental 14 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

15. Metabolism  Biotransformation  First-pass effect  Affected by genetic and developmental factors 15 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

16. Excretion  GI tract  Kidneys  Lungs  Skin 16 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

17. Question 1 A nephrotoxic drug is harmful to the: 1. Skin. 2. Kidneys. 3. Lungs. 4. Liver. 17 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

18. Learning Objectives  Discuss the differences between side effects and adverse affects  List the basic types of drug actions 18 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

19. Basics of Drug Action  Desired action  Adverse reactions  Idiosyncratic reactions 19 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

20. Bioequivalence  Define  Brand name versus generic  Generic equivalent 20 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

21. Drug Interactions  Drug action may depend on ability to dissolve quickly or slowly  Controlled by medication form  Oil-based drugs 21 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

22. Food, Alcohol, and Drug Interactions  Food interactions  Alcohol interactions  Drugs and laboratory tests  Chronotherapy 22 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

23. Question 2 An idiosyncratic response is a drug reaction that is: 1. Expected. 2. Predicted. 3. Unique. 4. Anticipated. 23 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

24. Question 3 Which medicine is more likely to cause an allergic reaction? 1. Acetaminophen 2. Aspirin 3. Cough suppressant 4. Antidepressant 24 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.