1. GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PORT RIVALRY IN THE YANGZI RIVER DELTA CLAUDE COMTOIS CHEVALIER VISITING PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

2. KEY ISSUES  HOW ARE MARINE GATEWAYS BEING SHAPED?  HOW ARE YANGZI CONTAINER SHIPPING SERVICES RESTRUCTURED?  HOW ARE CHINA’S POLICIES AFFECTING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MARINE ACTIVITIES?  HOW IS SHORT SEA SHIPPING BECOMING A FACTOR OF CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT?

3. Island Island Sea Port Sea Port C O N T I N E N T bridge Interior center Load center Regional gateway network Freight corridor Shortsea/feeder services Deepsea liner services O C E A N MARINE GATEWAY SYSTEM

4. TOP MARINE GATEWAYS, 2005 Containers Handlings (TEUs) SINGAPORE STRAIT 27 518 786 RHINE-SCHELDT 12 552 215 KOREAN PENINSULA 11 958 282 SAN PEDRO AREA 11 923 200 HELGOLAND BAY 9 327 853 TOKYO BAY 5 895 158 35 000 000 25 000 000 15 000 000 5 000 000 Singapore : 18 100 000 Port Klang : 4 840 000 Tanjung Pelapas : 3 487 320 Pasir Gudang : 750 466 Jurong : 341 000 Los Angeles : 7 178 940 Long Beach : 4 658 124 San Diego : 86 136 Rotterdam : Antwerp : 7 106 779 5 445 436 Hamburg : Bremen : 6 138 000 3 189 853 TAIWAN STRAIT 10 086 027 Kaohsiung : 8 840 000 Taichung : 1 246 027 Busan : 10 407 809 Guangyang : 1 184 842 Ulsan : 318 279 Masan : 47 352 Tokyo : 3 313 647 Yokohama : 2 504 628 Chiba : 46 440 Kawazaki : 30 443 28 104 000 Shanghai : 11 280 000 Ningbo : 2 772 000 PEARL RIVER DELTA 35 324 500 Hong Kong : 20 449 000 Shenzhen : 10 614 900 Guangzhou : 2 761 700 Zhongshan : Jiangmen : 744 200 754 700 YANGZI RIVER DELTA

5. CONTAINER TRAFFIC BETWEEN SHANGHAI AND YANGZI RIVER PORTS, 1990-1998 Drawing by M. Girard, UdeM

6. SELECTED LAND AND MARINE GATEWAYS IN ZHEJIANG, 2005 Drawing by M. Girard, UdeM

7. A) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container imports, 1999 B) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container exports, 1999 Drawing by M. Girard, UdeM

8. A) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container imports, 1999 B) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container exports, 1999 Drawing by M. Girard, UdeM 050 Km B 0.50-0.74 0.75-0.99 1.25-1.49 0.25-0.49 1.50-1.74 > 1.75 1.00-1.24 Market quotient < 0.25 Port location Î A Highway Province limit Railway Hangzhou bay Z H E J I A N G East China Sea Lishui Zhoushan Hangzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Wenzhou Shanghai Jiaxing Huzhou Quzhou Tai Hu Ningbo city Linhai (Taizhou) Xin anjiung Res. Quzhou Hangzhou bay Jiaxing Huzhou Lishui Zhoushan Hangzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Linhai Wenzhou Z H E J I A N G China (Taizhou) East Sea Tai Hu Ningbo city Shanghai

9. STAGES IN CHINA’S PORT REFORM PROCESS SINCE 1978 DOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITY  CENTRAL GOVERNMENT FIVE-YEAR PLANS  LOCAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT  INVESTMENTS BY DOMESTIC COMPANIES OVERSEAS PARTICIPATION  FOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT  SEPARATION OF GOVERNMENT FROM ENTERPRISE  CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING

10. FOREIGN OWNERSHIP IN SELECTED YANGZI RIVER DELTA PORT SYSTEM, 2005 Source : Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2004 Drawing by M. Girard, UdeM

11. COMPETITIVE FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GATEWAYS  GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PLANNING  CORPORATE PLAYERS AND STRATEGIES  EXTENSIVE NETWORKING  UNIMPEDED ACCESSIBILITY  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES

12. EMERGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT  EMERGING CONSENSUS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS  DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN PORTS»  COMPETITION BETWEEN LOGISTICS CHAINS  GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES

13. GROWTH IN SHORT SEA SHIPPING  GOVERNMENT PROMOTION OF SHORT SEA MOTORWAYS  OCEAN GOING SHIPPING LINES INROADS INTO SHORT SEA SHIPPING DISTRIBUTION  TERMINAL OPERATORS INVESTING IN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINES  DEVELOPMENT OF «WATERWAY BRANCHES»  ALLIANCES BETWEEN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINES  FROM WHOLESALER OF PORT-TO-PORT SERVICES TO RETAILER OF DOOR-TO-DOOR SERVICES

14. COST TRANSIT COMPETITIVENESS OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT IN THE YANGZI RIVER, 2006 ORIGINMODE DISTANCE TO SHANGHAI (KM) TRANSIT TIME (DAYS) COST (US $) WUHANRAIL10635365 TRUCK110021280 BARGE10434183 CHONGQINGRAIL24258525 TRUCK275632560 BARGE23358390

15. CONCLUSION  INCREASING COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT  INTERLOCKING PORT DEVELOPMENT OF SHANGHAI AND NINGBO  YANGZI GATEWAY STATUS AND SHORT SEA SHIPPING STRATEGY