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Romanesque=Hierarchy Contemplative vs. Active Life
Feudalism—king as head Monasteries-God as head Opposition between spiritual and secular world Contemplative life-- represented by monks and the church---monasteries Active life represented by laypeople living in a feudal society---castles and villages, primogeniture Church and society adhere to strict hierarchy, spiraling upward to God of the church or King of the castle Opposition between spiritual and secular world Represented in the contemplative life and the active life Monks represented the contemplative life—seclusion of countryside to escape distraction of the world Art not meant to depict natural world, but to bring to mind otherworldly visions You cannot know god through intellect, but through faith. Art becomes emotional unlike classical examples The favorite book of the bible becomes St. John’s Revelations with imagery of hell, fire and brimstone, judgment, salvation or damnation Strict hierarchy in the church Society becomes much more structured as well Chain of command is clearly defined Hierarchy Everyone was indebted to someone else Main function of kings was to raise armies to defend their kingdoms against foreign invaders The secular world exemplified the active life Monks below Serfs below
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Medieval Conflicts Mysticism vs Rationalism Contemplative vs Active
Poverty vs Luxury Faith vs Knowledge Latin vs Vernacular Sacred vs Secular Feudal kingdoms vs Emerging Nations How can these dualities be reconciled? SUMMA a complex theory of the universe Thomas Aquinas’ summa (1273 CE) stated that beauty can only be seen through order and unity Faith is brought into a rational system
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Romanesque (800-1150) Roman basilica shape with a cross design
Little exterior ornamentation Spires begin to show emphasis on vertical---hierarchy! Medieval Romanesque Style 800—1150 St. Sernin, 1080 CE Toulouse, France a pilgrimage church
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TYMPANUMS and CAPITALS with low-relief sculpture
Romanesque TYMPANUMS and CAPITALS with low-relief sculpture Last Judgment---what would you feel if you walked under this door? “Sheep go to heaven; goats go to hell” Cake
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ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Rounded arches Barrel vaulting Thick walls Low spires Minimal decoration Tympanums, capitals Inner not outer Abbey not urban CE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Pointed arches Ribbed groin vaulting Stained glass Gargoyles Flying buttresses Outer and inner ornamentation Urban not abbey CE
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Romanesque vs. Gothic Nave
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after fire construction:
GOTHIC Chartres Cathedral, outside of Paris after fire construction: CE Right spire, 1145 CE Left spire, 1180 CE Rose window Exterior Portal sculpture Pointed arches ribbed groin vaulting
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Chartres Stained Glass
Rose window Lancet windows Light expresses ecstasy Inner blends with outer The world dematerializes Chartres Stained Glass Bakers’ signature Patrons are families, royalty, guilds Minerals are blended into molten glass Details are added with metal oxides Lead strips join pieces
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GOTHIC Chartres Cathedral labyrinth gargoyles Buttresses
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NOTRE DAME de PARIS “Our Lady” 1183-1250 CE Paris becomes center
of education and culture Statues and stained glass tell holy stories to the illiterate UPWARD….VERTICAL Ribbed arches Flying buttresses Lancet windows Pointed spires Layered design Rooftop gargoyles
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Notre Dame Sculpture used by clergy to tell biblical stories
Called the “Temple of Reason” during revolutionary times, where much art was destroyed. Notre Dame was rebuilt in the 1800s, and was the setting for Hugo’s Hunchback of Notre Dame, a Romantic novel with a tragic, deformed hero and a “Madonna/whore” Medieval leading lady Sculpture used by clergy to tell biblical stories Ornamentation more 3-dimensional than Romanesque More detailed tympanum with statues becoming freed from the walls
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