1. Flood Insurance in The Netherlands Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Directorate General Water drs. Martijn van de Groep Projectmanager Flood Insurance ECWATECH 4 june 2008

2. Contents  Background (1953 – 2005)  Recent developments (1990 – 2008)  Flood Insurance project (2006 – 2008)  Questions and discussion

3. 1953 1835 casulaties; 72.000 people evacuated; financial losses approx. € 6 billion; flooded area approx. 2000 km 2

4. Flood insurance after the 1953 flood disaster  After 1953 floodings, damage as a result of flood perils was excluded from regular insurance policies : - since 1956 ‘Obligatory Decree on Floodings’ - since abolishment of exclusion in 1990, no private insurance solution was developed for the Dutch market Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat

5. Cabinet proposal 1995 after floodings Rine (1993) and Meuse (1995) and earthquake Roermond (1992)  Cabinet proposal (1995): ‘Compensation Act for floodings (rivers only) and earthquakes’  Council of State negative recommendations lead to withdrawal of proposal  main arguments: - Constitutional state responsibility to provide for compensation (art 21) - Solidarity - Flood protection measures (structural works along rivers) will increase chances of private flood insurance initiatives Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat

6. State Compensation Act (1998)  Loss compensation for flood disasters  Event-based limitation (2008: max € 500 mln) Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat Assessment by independent review committee (2005)  Third party liability is primary mechanism for loss compensation  In case of natural disaster (no provoker): - citizenz are responsible for private insurance (when available) - government role to enhance insurability (if not available)  State Compensation Act remains safety net

7. Advisory Committee Water (2005/2006) Chairman: His Royal Highness Prince of Orange  expert debate in november 2005  conclusion: all involved parties affirmative on shared responsibility with regard to disaster losses due to floodings  recommendation to set up a hybrid private-public partnership in which citizens, business, regional governments/water communities, (re)insurers, capital market parties and state government each provide for a substantial contribution to loss compensation in case of severe floodings Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat

8. Cabinet proposal (june 2006) Basic assumptions:  Stimulate private initiatives  Enhance own responsibility of citizens Cornerstones:  Third party liability  Insurance - draft of step-by-step plan to set-up private-public partnership - focus on social, political and economical endurance - challenging and complex (2-5 years for implementation)  Compensation Act as safety net of last resort Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat

9. Project Flood Insurance (start june 2006)  Pilotproject resulting from ACW recommendations and cabinet proposal  Task Force coördinated by ministry of Finance: Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat - Ministery of Finance - Ministery of Transport, Public Works and Water Management - Ministery of Interior and Kingdom Relations - Dutch Association of Insurers  Association of Water Boards : - executive management decision not to participate in Task Force - positive attitude towards introduction of flood insurance - available for expert consultation

10. Overview of flood risk for The Netherlands

11. Objectives and scope: Objectives:  The project’s primairy objective is to enhance the private insurability of the flood risk in The Netherlands Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat Scope: 4, 5, 6, 7

12. Flood insurance: overview of possible bottlenecks  the volume of the risk collective for the flood peril (antiselection)  the ability to assess risks within a reasonable accuracy (information/risk modelling)  the high maximum possible loss (insurers market solvabilitity)  reinsurance capacity  economic viability (adequate premiums) Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat Until recently, the Dutch Association of Insurers valued the flood risk as a “low probability, high consequences” risk, which is technically not insurable due to the following characteristics:

13. Flood insurance: technical solution Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat Retention by individual insurance companies Insurance pool Re-insurance Government layer (directorate general water) Government (ministry of finance) 20% € 300 million € 500 million € 400 million Deductibles by individual household and private companies

14. Flood insurance: technical solution  Legal obligation for insurers to offer flood loss compensation in household policies (fire insurance policy).  ‘Hybrid’ structure: private sector based model with government participation only where necessary to complement the construction;  Layerstructure with loss compensation limit set to € 1,5 billion per event with re-instatement for 2 nd event within 1 year. No guarantee for state compensation beyond limit. Vertical government layer 20% to reduce moral political risk  Risk related premium accounting with estimated average premium < € 15 (annually) for individual household  For discussion: possibility of fiscal reserve for national insurance companies combined with gradual raise in compensation limit. Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat

15. Flood insurance versus State Compensation Act:  Advantages: - legal right to loss compensation (security) - reduction of indirect losses (payment procedure) - ‘consumption smoothing’ (risk premium spreading) - premium based on economical value and exposed actual risks  Disadvantages: - premium based on costs + shareholder profit target (price) - possibility of liability conflict between government and insurers - failing willingness to pay due to low risk perception

16. Flood insurance: further procedure  Mid 2008: decision making within Dutch cabinet  If Dutch cabinet decides for pubic-private insurance solution: - implementation (adjustment of household policies) per 1 january 2010 Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat