1. DISASTER

7.  An overwhelming ecological disruption occurring on a scale sufficient to require outside assistance … PAHO 1980.  Disasters are exceptional events which suddenly kill or injure large numbers of people… Red Cross/Red Crescent.

8. Definitions  Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health or health services on a scale that warrants extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area  Source: WHO strategy and approaches to humanitarian action,1995  Man made calamity (accident or intentional)  A catastrophic event that overwhelms a community’s response capabilities

9. Definitions cont--  CRED defines a disaster as “a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering

10. Types of disasters Natural (Acts of God)Man made Sudden ImpactGradual onsetHostileAccidental Earthquake, Volcanic Eruption, Cyclones, Flash Floods Floods, Snow Storm, Famines, Droughts World war I&II Terrorism 9/11 Sabotage Air crashes, Train accidents, Fires, Smog, Toxilogic accidents Nuclear accidents Bombings Accidents

11. Floods

12. Air Crash

13. Tornados

14. Drought

15. Sandstorm

16. Disaster subgroup definition and classification Subgroup Definition Disaster Main Types Geophysical Events originating from solid earth Earthquake, Volcano, Mass Movement (dry) Meteorologic al Events caused by short- lived/small to meso scale atmospheric processes (in the spectrum from minutes to days) Storm Hydrological Events caused by deviations in the normal water cycle and/or overflow of bodies of water caused by wind set-up Flood, Mass Movement (wet)

17. Disaster subgroup definition and classification Subgroup DefinitionDisaster Main Types Climatological Events caused by long- lived/meso to macro scale processes (in the spectrum from intra-seasonal to multi- decadal climate variability Extreme Temperature, Drought, Wildfire BiologicalDisaster caused by the exposure of living organisms to germs and toxic substances Epidemic, Insect Infestation, Animal Stampede

18. Types of Disasters

19. Deaths VS Injuries Deaths exceeds InjuriesInjuries exceeds Death Storm surges Tsunamis Flash Floods Landslides Avalanches Volcanic eruptions Tidal waves Hurricanes Fires Explosions Earthquakes Typhoons Tornadoes

20. Top 10 Natural Disasters in Pakistan for the period 1992 to 2011 sorted by numbers of killed DisasterDateNo Killed Earthquake8-Oct-200573,338 Flood28-Jul-20101,985 Flood8-Sep-19921,334 Flood2-Mar-19981,000 Storm14-Nov-1993609 Flood19-Jul-1995600 Flood9-Feb-2005520 Flood22-Jul-1995451 Flood11-Jul-1994316 Storm26-Jun-2007242

21. Top 10 Natural Disasters in Pakistan for the period 1992 to 2011 sorted by numbers of total affected people: DisasterDateNo Total Affected Flood28-Jul-201020,359,496 Flood9-Feb-20057,000,450 Flood8-Sep-19926,655,450 Flood15-Jul-19926,184,418 Earthquake8-Oct-20055,128,309 DroughtNov-19992,200,000 Storm26-Jun-20071,650,000 Flood19-Aug-19961,300,000 Flood22-Jul-20031,266,223 Flood22-Jul-19951,255,000

22. Disaster Management Emergency Aid and Disaster Response is as old as humanity

23. Phases of Disaster Management Mitigation Preparedness Disaster impact Rehabilitation Reconstruction Response RECOVERYRECOVERY

24. Preparedness Planning how to respond for an emergency or disaster and working to increase resources available to respond effectively  Multisectorial Activity o communications o health o social welfare o police & security o search & rescue o transport o media

25. Preparedness (a stitch in time saves nine)  Tasks o evaluate risk, o adopt standards/regulations, o organize communication, warning sys, coordination& response mechanism, o ensure financial resources, o develop public education programmes, o coordinate with media, and o organize disaster simulation exercises

26. PLANNING PROCESS  PPlanning  OOrganizing  SStaffing  DDirecting  CCoordinating  RReporting  BBudgeting

27. Disaster impact & Response Activities that occur during and immediately following a disaster Search, Rescue &First Aid Field care Triage Tagging Identification of dead

28. Triage Do the most good for the most patients Emergent (Immediate) or Priority One (RED) Urgent ( Delayed ) or Priority Two(YELLOW) Non-urgent ( Minimal ) or Priority Three(GREEN) Dead (BLACK)

29. KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL FIELD OPERATIONS IN DISASTER RESPONSE SCENARIOS People Equipment Training Organization

30. Emergent or Immediate Examples Unstable chest/abdomen wounds Vascular wounds with limb ischemia Incomplete amputations Open fractures of long bones

31. Urgent or Delayed Examples Stable abdominal wounds Soft tissue wounds Vascular injuries with adequate collaterals Genitourinary tract disruption Fractures requiring operative intervention Maxillofacial without airway compromise

32. Urgent or Delayed

33. Non-urgent or Minimal Walking wounded/ walking “well” Directed away from Triage area to minimal care area for first aid and non-specialty care May be a source of manpower

34. DEAD / MORIBUND  Survival unlikely even with optimal care  Should be separated from view of other casualties  Should not be abandoned  Comfort measures with minimal staff

35. Mitigation Activities which actually eliminate or reduce the chance of occurrence or the effects of a disaster o Measures designed to either prevent hazards eg protection of vulnerable population and structures o Improving structural quality of houses, schools, and other public buildings. o Safety of water supply & sewerage system

36. Rehabilitation Actions taken to return to normal or safer conditions Water supply Food safety Basic Sanitation&Personal Hygiene Vaccination Nutrition Vector Control

37. NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) Established 2010