1. Warm-up 10/11
Pass back and go through Quiz!

2. Announcements Earthquakes and Volcanoes test is FRIDAY!
Review (maybe do quiz corrections) and STUDY your quiz and notes before then!
Turn in your signed sheets for the National Parks Project!

3. Earthquakes
Oct 11, 2010

4. Warm-up 10/11
Discuss:
What type of plate boundary creates Earthquakes?
What do you think causes the earth to shake during an earthquake?

5. Objectives
I will be able to describe an earthquake’s features such as epicenter, focus, magnitude, and intensity
I will be able to analyze the energies of seismic earthquake waves
I will be able to determine earthquake location from a travel-time graph

6. Key Points
To describe the location of earthquakes, we use the terms focus and epicenter
When analyzing how earthquakes travel, we talk about the 3 main types of earthquake waves: s, p, and surface
These waves travel at different speeds and cause differing amounts of destruction
The magnitude of an earthquake measures the amplitude of the largest wave
Major earthquakes can be preceded by foreshocks and followed by aftershocks
The intensity of an earthquake describes the amount of shaking at a specific location

7. What are Earthquakes? Earthquake video Take note of at least 4 facts
______________________

8. Cause of Earthquakes What causes earthquakes to occur?
Where do we usually find earthquakes occurring?

9. Cause of Earthquakes
Earthquakes are the vibration or shaking of the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy
When rocks are subjected to large forces, such as those associated with plate movement, the rocks are stressed and strained
When rocks cannot withstand the stress any longer, they break or shift and energy is released
Faults are fractures in the earth where movement has occurred
Energy release  Vibrations  Earthquakes

10. Earthquake features 1. Location
Focus: the place where the earthquake starts- the source
Energy radiates out in all directions
Epicenter: the location on the surface of earth directly above the focus

11. Earthquake features
2. Foreshocks: smaller earthquakes that precede or come before major earthquakes
3. Aftershocks: smaller earthquakes that occur after major earthquakes
4. Intensity: the amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location
5. Magnitude: the “size” of the earthquake
- Richter magnitude: determined from the amplitude (height) of the largest seismic wave
- Moment magnitude: determined from the displacement (movement) of the fault zone

12. Earthquake Waves
All of the above features are a result of the earthquake waves that transport the energy from the focus outward in all directions
Two general categories
Surface waves: travel along Earth’s surface
Body waves: travel from the focus through Earth’s layers

13. Earthquake Waves Surface waves Travel along Earth’s outer layer
Their motion is complex
Like waves move a ship on the ocean
Up/down and side-to-side motion
The most destructive type of earthquake wave
Because they travel along the ground they cause anything resting on the land to move

14. Earthquake Waves Body waves- 2 types 1. P-waves
Primary waves- they arrive first
Travel the fastest
Classified as “compressional waves”- push-pull motion
Can travel through solids, liquids, and gases

15. Earthquake Waves Body waves 2. S-waves
Secondary/seismic waves- they arrive after P-waves
Travel more slowly than P-waves
Travel at right angles to the direction they move
Travel through solids only

16. Check In – Answer the following on a SEPARATE piece of paper in COMPLETE sentences:
What is the epicenter of an earthquake?
What is the source of an earthquake called?
What are the smaller earthquakes that precede major earthquakes called?
Which type of seismic wave travels the fastest?
Which type of seismic wave travels the slowest?
Which type of seismic wave causes the most destruction?
What is the amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location?

17. Locating Earthquakes- Part I
Because P-waves and S-waves travel at different speeds we can use the difference in their arrival times at a given location to figure out the distance to the earthquake’s epicenter
This information is presented in a travel-time graph

18. Reading Travel-time graphs
A. Time in minutes for the arrival of the waves
B. Distance from the recording station to the epicenter
- kilometers at the top
- miles at the bottom

19. To find when a wave will be received when given the distance between the seismic station and epicenter…
1. Find the distance along the x-axis ** make sure you are using the correct units ** look at the top and bottom 2. Follow the distance line up to where it meets the S-wave or P-wave curve. 3. Go across to the y-axis to find the time

20. When will the first P wave be received if an earthquake epicenter is approximately 3000 kilometers from the seismic station? __________________________

21. To find the distance between the seismic station and epicenter given the arrival time of one wave…
1. Find the arrival time along the y-axis.
2. Follow that time across until you hit the wave curve line.
3. Go down/up to the distance
make sure you check your distance units!

22. If the first S wave arrives after 9 minutes, what is the distance between the epicenter and seismic station? ____________

23. To find the distance between the seismic station and epicenter given the difference in arrival times between s-waves and p-waves…
1. Look at the S-wave curve and P-wave curve to find where they are separated by the amount of time given. 2. Follow that line down/up to the distance in the appropriate units Ex: difference in p wave and s wave arrival time is 5 min. How far is the seismic station from the epicenter in miles?

24. What would the difference in travel times between the first P-wave and first S-wave be if the seismic station is 1500 miles from the epicenter? ____________

25. To find the difference in wave arrival time given the distance between the seismic station and epicenter…
1. Find the distance along the x-axis 2. Follow the distance line up to the P-wave and S-wave curves. 3. Using the times on the y-axis, calculate the difference in arrival times of the two waves

26. What would the difference in travel times between the first P-wave and first S-wave be if the seismic station is 4000 km from the epicenter? ____________

27. Warm Up 10/12
You DO NOT need your computers for the warm up today. It will be done on a separate piece of paper.
Be prepared for a brownie ticket and then a warm up on paper.

28. Brownie Ticket
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source, which is the called the ___.
Focus
epicenter
C. Fault
D. Seismic center
Which seismic waves travel the most rapidly?
Major earthquakes are sometimes preceded by smaller earthquakes called ___.
The amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location is called the ___.
A. intensity
B. magnitude
C. epicenter
D. Richter scale

29. Earth Revealed
Answer the questions on the worksheet as you watch a video about EARTHQUAKES!

30. Study Guide
Use your notes or the teacher notes for Volcanoes and Earthquakes to complete the study guide.
Your test is on FRIDAY.
Your study guide is due FRIDAY for a QUIZ grade!

31. Warm-Up 10/13/10
The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the ___.
Duration of an earthquake
Intensity of an earthquake
Arrival times of P waves and S waves
Measurement of the amplitude of the largest seismic wave
What is the epicenter of an earthquake?
Which seismic waves travel the most rapidly?
Which are the most destructive? O

32. Objectives Today I will be able to:
Analyze the number of seismic stations necessary to locate an earthquake epicenter
Describe other natural side effects of earthquakes
Analyze how earthquake waves provide information about earth’s interior
Describe earthquake safety measures

33. Locating Earthquakes- Part II
Using earthquake waves to locate an epicenter
ESSENTIAL QUESTION WHILE YOU’RE WATCHING…
HOW MANY SEISMIC STATIONS WOULD YOU NEED TO ACCURATELY LOCATE AN EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER? _____________

34. Other useful information from earthquake waves
Earthquake waves tell us the location of an earthquake’s epicenter and focus
Earthquake waves also tell us about the make up of the Earth’s interior
This information is available because s- waves and p-waves travel at different speeds and are able to pass through different materials
BOTTOM LINE: most of the information we know about the earth’s interior was obtained by studying earthquake waves.

35. Effects of Earthquakes
Main effect of earthquakes… A lot of destruction
Side effects:
Tsunamis- “seismic sea waves” triggered by earthquakes occurring underwater
Ocean waves caused by submarine earthquakes
Landslides- ground movement and liquefaction
Fires- broken gas lines and electrical wires

36. Effects of Earthquakes
San Francisco Earthquake 1989
Look at how widespread the effects of the Earthquake are!

37. Effects of Earthquakes
Where did you see the earthquake affecting people?
At some of these locations and other locations in the area, people were seriously injured… At other location people were alright.
Watch this next clip to figure out why
Destruction in California Earthquake

38. Earthquake Safety Structures that withstood the shaking…
Candlestick park
Built on reinforced bedrock
Structures that did not withstand the shaking…
Bay Bridge- too stiff and not well reinforced
Freeway in Oakland- not flexible or reinforced
Landfill
Soft land
Buildings sank and collapsed, water and gas lines broke

39. Earthquake Safety Buildings can sink!?
The process is known as liquefaction
Let’s see how it works
Liquefaction
Bottom line: The safest location during a major earthquake would be an area with solid bedrock… and if possible a location that has been reinforced

40. Check In – Answer on a separate piece of paper in complete sentences:
Most of the information about Earth’s interior was obtained by studying what?
What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to determine the location of an earthquake?
Describe the type of building that would be safest during an earthquake.
How would the lives of people living in areas affected by tsunamis be effected if earthquakes stopped happening?

41. Recent Earthquakes
Listen as I describe and we watch footage from recent earthquakes in Haiti and Chile.
Both suffered devastating Earthquakes this year, while you watch thing of things they have in common and things that are different about them.

42. Venn Diagram
On a half sheet of paper, create a Venn Diagram comparing the earthquakes.
4 things only about haiti
4 things only about chile
4 things in common
WRITE A PARAGRAPH (5-8 sentences long) describing the earthquakes and their destruction using key terms from yesterday and today IN YOUR OWN WORDS on the back of the diagram.

43. Study Guide
When finished work on your study guide for the TEST on FRIDAY!

44. Brownie Ticket What is a tsunami?
Which of the following would most likely be the safest during a major earthquake?
Area with loosely consolidated soil
Area with structures built on a landfill
Area with granite bedrock
Area with steep slopes of unconsolidated sediments
Most of the information about the Earth’s interior was obtained by studying ___.
Rocks of the ocean crust
Earthquake waves
Meteorites
Rocks in deep wells
What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to determine the location of an earthquake’s epicenter?

45. Warm Up 4/9
A succession of ocean waves set in motion by a submarine earthquake is called what?
Most of the information about Earth’s interior was obtained by studying what?
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source, which is called the ______________.
What type of area would be safest during a major earthquake? Explain.

46. Study Guide Collection
Pull out your study guides.
Are there any questions that you need help?
I will go over 3 of them with you as a group before we turn them in.

47. Review For the review before the test, we will play jeopardy.
I will set the timer for 15 minutes. When the time is up, the game is over.

48. Test!
When you complete the multiple choice question, answer the following ESSAY question in 5-8 complete sentences.
Explain how Plate Tectonics are related to earthquakes and volcanoes. How do these events affect our planet and human civilization?

49. Article Report
Complete the article report. Follow the instructions on the paper provided.
While you are doing this I will be passing out progress reports. It must remain silent so that I can talk to each of you about your current grades.

50. National Parks Project
Explain that we will be doing a project over the next two weeks.
It will be due on April 22, 2010.
More details to come next week.