1. Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Team Alpha Student1 Name, Student2 Name, Student3 Name, Student4 Name, Student5 Name

2. ● What risks were overlooked in the Fukushima nuclear disaster and what risk controls could have been put in place to avoid this catastrophe? Risk Research Question

3. Risk Context ● Assets: Critical power infrastructure, Human lives ● Protector: Japanese Government ● Threat: Earthquake and Tsunami

4. ● Friday March 11, 2011, a 9.0 earthquake hit 130km off the coast of Japan ● Quake lasted for about 3 minutes ● As soon as the quake hit, the Fukushima reactors shut down ● Backup generators turned on to start the cooling process. What Happened? World Nuclear Association, 2015

5. ● An hour after the quake, a 15 meter tsunami flooded the backup generator cooling system ● 3 reactors overheated as a result ● Weeks were spent trying to cool down the reactors What Happened? World Nuclear Association, 2015

6. ● Reactors were damaged ● Radioactive material contaminated water ● Government fear ● 100,000 people evacuated (mitigate) ● 1000+ deaths from evacuation Impact World Nuclear Association, 2015

7. Likelihood ● Natural Disaster o Perceived Low Likelihood Event Retrieved From: Network.ProjectManagers.net

8. Retrieved From: http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/bild-753679-197101.html

9. Retrieved from: www.globalresearch.ca

10. ● Reactor location o Original plans had reactors 10m above sea level o Lowered to 5.7m when being built (risk appetite raised) o Was considered an acceptable threshold when built o Indicators of previous tsunamis ignored Risk Assessment Failures World Nuclear Association, 2015

11. ●Backup Cooling Power ○ Perceived multi-stage measures, actually single-hit ○ Backup generators not waterproof ○ Earthquake took out main power, created tsunami which took out backup power Risk Assessment Failures World Nuclear Association, 2015, Lipsy 2013

12. ● Ensure one event cannot take out both primary and backup cooling systems ● Create crisis evacuation plans to reduce the likelihood of human deaths ● Routinely create risk assessments on the likelihood of natural disasters ● Restore public trust in government Reinvestigation – Risk Controls Visschers, 2012

13. ● Lipscy, P., Kushida, K., & Incerti, T. (2013, May 16). The Fukushima Disaster and Japan's Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective. Retrieved from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es4004813 ● Visschers, V., & Siegrist, M. (2012, July 4). How a Nuclear Power Plant Accident Influences Acceptance of Nuclear Power: Results of a Longitudinal Study Before and After the Fukushima Disaster. Retrieved March 1, 2015, retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539- 6924.2012.01861.x/abstract;jsessionid=3C2C31C419AFD7D05A06725B2CC61DFE.f04t04?deniedA ccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false ● Fukushima Accident. (Feb 2015). World-Nuclear. Retrieved from http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/ References