1. Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within BIOL 103, Chapter 10-1

2. Today’s Topic Water: Crucial to Life Intake Recommendations: how much water is enough? Minerals Overview Major Minerals: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sulfur

3. Water: Crucial to Life Water is the most essential nutrient – _____% of body’s weight – _____ of body water is intracellular: inside the cell – _____ of body water is extracellular: water between cells and in (blood) plasma

4. Water: Crucial to Life Electrolytes and water – When minerals or salts dissolve in water, they form ions (electrolytes) Cations: _____________________________________ Anions: ______________________________________ – In your body cells: your body controls and balances the concentration of electrolytes, both within and outside of each cell. The body uses osmosis to move water across cell membranes to ___________ concentrations of dissolved particles. The water moves from __________________ side to _______________________side.

5. Fig 10.4 Functions of Water

6. Intake Recommendations Intake recommendations: How much water is enough? –Men = 3.7 liters/day –Women = 2.7 liters/day –Pregnancy and lactation = 3.0–3.8 liters/day –Increased needs for activity and sweating Sources: –Drinking water –Beverages –______________________ –______________________ (250-350 mL/day)

7. Water Excretion: Where Does the Water Go? 1.Insensible water losses: the continuous loss of body water by evaporation from the ________ and diffusion through _________. – ¼- ½ of daily fluid loss 2.________ (~1-2 liters per day) 3.________ (coughing, watery nasal secretion, rapid breathing) External factors that contribute to water losses: – __________________________ – High protein/salt foods

8. Water Balance Water balance: water input vs. water output How does your body regulate water balance? 1.Hormonal effects: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  stimulates kidneys  ____ __________________________ Aldosterone  stimulates the kidneys  retain _______  __________________________ 2.Thirst: reminds us to drink more water, but it is unreliable during _____________ or _____________ _______________ Alcohol, caffeine, and common medications are usually _______________  ____________ urination  more ________________.

9. Regulation of Water Balance Dehydration – Can be caused by __________ ________________________ _________________________ Water intoxication (without electrolytes) – Causes low blood sodium  ___________________  _____________  coma  death. Fig 10.7 Effects of progressive dehydration

10. Understanding Minerals Minerals – _________________ – _________________ by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity – _________________ (needed in small amounts) – Grouped as: 1._________________ : required in the diet in relatively large amounts 2._________________(AKA microminerals): required in the diet in relatively small amounts – Involved in body ___________ and ____________.

11. Minerals in Foods Found in ____________ _______________foods Mineral absorption limited by several factors: 1.Person’s _____________ 2.____________________ 3._______________ contain phytates  phytates binds to minerals  minerals are not absorbed in your small intestine

12. Sodium Functions: 1._________________ 2._________________ _________________ Food sources – Processed and convenience foods – Added (table) salt

13. Potassium Functions: 1.____________________________ 2.Nerve impulse transmission 3.Regulates _______________________________ Food sources: – Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables, grains – _____________________ – Meat, poultry, fish, dairy products

14. Chloride Functions: 1.Fluid balance 2.____________________ (stomach acid) Food sources: – Table salt (NaCl – sodium chloride) Deficiency: – Excessive __________________

15. Calcium Functions: 1.________________________ Made up of Hydroxyapatite: a crystalline mineral compound of ___________ and ____________________ _________________ to supply calcium and phosphorous to blood and soft tissues Bone remodeling by two bone cells: – Osteoblasts (build) vs. Osteoclasts (cut) 2.___________________________: flow of calcium causes muscles to contract or relax 3.Other functions: blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission

16. Calcium Regulation of blood calcium levels: – Calcitriol: _____________ calcium absorption in the intestine – Parathyroid hormone: Activates osteoclasts to release bone calcium  ______________ blood calcium Signals kidneys to conserve more calcium and produce more calcitriol  ____________________ blood calcium – Calcitonin: _________________ blood calcium Food sources: – Dairy products, green vegetables, processed and fortified foods – Oxalate: ____________________  less calcium absorbed

17. Phosphorous Functions: – ____________ structure – Component of _______________ and phospholipids Food sources: – Meat, milk, and eggs – Processed foods Phosphate balance – Too much phosphorous and too little calcium = ___________________

18. Magnesium Function: – Participates in more than ________ types of enzyme- driven reactions, including ____________ metabolism. – Required for __________ and ___________ functions Food sources: – Whole grains, vegetables, legumes, tofu, seafood, and chocolate Magnesium balance – At risk for deficiency: chronic diarrhea, poor diet, and heavy alcohol use.

19. Sulfur Function: – Primarily a _______________ of organic nutrient, including other vitamins/amino acids – Help proteins maintain their ________________ Food sources: – Typical diets contain ample sulfur Deficiency: – __________________