1. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.0 FINANCING AND GOVERNING AMERICA’S SCHOOLS Chapter 7 Teachers, Schools, and Society A Brief Introduction to Education Third Edition David Miller Sadker Karen R. Zittleman

2. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.1 SCHOOL SEGREGATION AND POVERTY 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% 102030405060708090100 Percentage of students in school who are black or Latino Percentage of schools with majority in poverty

3. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.2 THE PUBLIC EDUCATION DOLLAR: WHERE THE MONEY COMES FROM Source: Public Education Finances, 2008. U.S. Census Bureau. Issued June 2010.

4. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.3 THE PUBLIC EDUCATION DOLLAR: WHERE THE MONEY GOES Source: Public Education Finances, 2008 U.S. Census Bureau. Issued June 2010.

5. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.4 DOES MONEY MATTER? 1.Local Control 2.Horatio Alger 3.Genetics 4.Culture of Poverty 5.Flawed Studies 6.Previous Funding Increases Have Not Resulted in Achievement Gains

6. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.5 PER-PUPIL AND SECONDARY EXPENDITURES FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS: SCHOOL YEAR 2007-2008 Source: Public Education Finances, 2008, U.S. Census Bureau, April 2007, Updated June 2010.

7. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.6 Federal Budget Source: Federal Role in Education, U.S. Department of Education (2008). www.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html www.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html

8. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. PUBLIC OPINION ON FINANCING EDUCATION Which do you think is the best way to finance the public schools – by means of local property taxes, by state taxes, or by taxes from the federal government in Washington? Source: 40 th PDK/Gallup Poll. 7.7 ’08 % ’97 % ‘86 % Local taxes202724 State taxes353433 Federal taxes373024 Don’t know8919

9. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Public View of Money and Quality of Education 7.8 In your opinion, how much does the amount of money spent on public school student’s education affect the quality of his or her education? Source: Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll 2010

10. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IMPACT THE CONDITION OF SCHOOLS VENTILATION HEATING INDOOR AIR QUALITY ACOUSTICS OR NOISE CONTROL PHYSICAL BUILDING SECURITY LIGHTING CONDITIONS 7.9

11. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.10 STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL STATE SCHOOL GOVERNMENT Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education, 2000-01.

12. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.11 WHO CONTROLS WHAT? (STATE) Levy taxes License teachers and other educators Set standards for school attendance, safety, etc. Outline minimum curricular and graduation standards (sometimes including specific textbooks to be used and competency tests for student graduation and teacher certification) Regulate the nature and size of local school districts

13. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.12 WHO CONTROLS WHAT? (LOCAL) Implement state regulations and policies Create and implement local policies and practices for effective school administration Hire school personnel Provide needed funds and build appropriate facilities Fix salaries and working conditions Translate community needs into educational practice Initiate additional curriculum, licensing, or other requirements beyond state requirements Create current and long-range plans for the school district

14. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.13 WHAT PRINCIPALS EARN Source: National Association of Elementary School Principals, Educational Research Service (2004-2005). $88, 062 $93, 478 $99, 365 Elementary Middle School High school Average salary

15. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.14 SUPERINDENT PAYCHECKS Source: Salaries and Wages for Professional and support Personnel in Public Schools, 2006-2007.”

16. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 3/e. © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.15 PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY PRINCIPALS Source: National Center of Educational Statistics, “Public and Private School Principals by Selected Characteristics,” Condition of Education, 2010, Figure 29-1.