1. Redrawing the Map Chapter 19 Mark A. Simpson “Nursing knowledge refers to knowledge warranted as useful and significant to nurses and patients in understanding and facilitating human health processes.” Reed & Lawrence, 2008

2. Theory Nursing literature depicts a monolithic view No reason all theories must have an axiomatic logical structure All nursing inquiry does not fit into a single mode – there is variety Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing

3. Intellectual Projects in Nursing & Evaluative Methods Theoretical models – Evaluate in terms of relationship to experience and other theories Interlevel models Philosophies of nursing Intervention & Outcome Research – How plausible is the intervention Qualitative interpretations – Do the themes or descriptions of experience generalize in interesting ways Recognize that there are additional inquiries Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing

4. Nursing theory evaluation often use very broad & abstract terms – Fawcett & Parse clarity, logical consistency, & simplicity Nursing research be derived from or refer to conceptual models -- the relevance gap Thinking about theories in terms of questions and answers significantly shifts the evaluation of theory away from its form to what it can do. Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing

5. Shifting the Philosophical Framework of Theory Evaluation Suggests looking for concrete and substantive evaluations in 3 areas: – Relation of the theory to the evidence – Relation of the theory to other theories – Relation of the theory to nursing practice Evaluation of method & theory must be attentive to the specifics of the questions being asked, the kind of knowledge needed by the profession, what is already known about the subjects, and related theories from other domains. Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing

6. Professional Values & Disciplinary Knowledge Shift of theory and professional values Professional nurses are required to work in two world What is nursing science? The metaparadigm does not capture the distinctive character of nursing science. Health care and health science will change and so must the scope of nursing knowledge and the nursing role Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing

7. Afaf Meleis’ Image of 21 st Century Nursing Science “As nurses and societies become comfortable with the uniqueness of what nurses can offer, knowledge for nursing will then be knowledge for health care in general. It will be knowledge developed and utilized collaboratively by members of a number of disciplines. Therefore, nursing theories will become theories for health care, developed by nurses, physicians, occupational therapists, and others. There will no longer be nursing theories. There will be theories about health care, some of which are developed by nurses.” (Meleis, 1992) Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing

8. Evidence-Based Nursing Practice “On nursing theories and evidence,” by Fawcett et al. (2001) – Concerned that nursing theory be appropriately represented in the evidence base for practice “theory-guided, evidence-based practice” Distinguish philosophies of nursing from empirical theories – Empirical knowledge is important to nurses – Results of research can inform practice Concern develops for nursing education and management rather than about evidence or scientific theory. The question is not about whether nursing should be based on evidence, but how philosophies of nursing (conceptual models) should be integrated into nursing education and management. Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing

9. Philosophy of Nursing Science New Maps – New Directions Provides: New way of thinking about scientific theory New ways of understanding the relationship between nursing science and professional practice This will allow the nurse scholars to ask different questions about our work and help create better nursing knowledge. Risjold, M. (2010). Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing