1. Human Physiology: Cell structure and function and Organization of cells, tissues and organs, systems Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY III Lecture 9/August/2012 Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.

2. Cell Junctions  Plasma membrane proteins connect neighboring cells - called Cell junctions Plant cells – plasmodesmata provides channels between cells Plant cells – plasmodesmata provides channels between cells

3. Cell Junctions  3 types of cell junctions in animal cells Tight junctions; Anchoring junctions & Gap junctions

4. 3. Gap junction Membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channels 2. Anchoring junction Cytoskeleton fibers join cells in tissues that need to stretch 1. Tight junction Membrane proteins seal neighboring cells so that water soluble substances cannot cross 1 3 2

5. Cell Junctions 1. Tight junctions – membrane proteins seal neighboring cells so that water soluble substances cannot cross between them Example, between stomach cells Example, between stomach cells

6. Cell Junctions 2. Anchoring junctions – cytoskeleton fibers join cells in tissues that need to stretch See between heart, skin, and muscle cells See between heart, skin, and muscle cells 3. Gap junctions – membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channels This links the cytoplasm of adjoining cells This links the cytoplasm of adjoining cells

7. Plant Cell Junctions  Plasmodesmata form channels between neighboring plant cells

8. Vacuole Walls of two adjacent plant cells Plasmodesmata Layers of one plant cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Plant cell 1 Plant cell 2

9. 9 Extracellular Structures Extracellular structures include: -extracellular matrix surrounding animal cells  -cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists

10. 10 Extracellular Structures Cell walls -present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists -the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary depending on the cell type: -plant and protist cell walls - cellulose -fungal cell walls – chitin -the entire outside surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat called the “glycocalyx”. -the entire outside surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat called the “glycocalyx”.

11. 11 Extracellular Structures Extracellular matrix (ECM) -surrounds animal cells -composed of glycoproteins and fibrous proteins -may be connected to the cytoplasm via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane

12. 12 Extracellular Structures

13. 13

14. 14

15. Levels Of Organization and Function-Organelles, tissues, organs and systems

16. Levels Of Organization 7.3.1 Summarize the levels of organization within the human body (including cells, tissues, organs, and systems).

17. The levels of organization from simplest to most complex are:  Cells  Tissues  Organs  System  Organism

18. Cells  The basic unit of structure and function in the human body  Though all cells perform the processes that keep humans alive, they also have specialized functions as well.  Examples may be nerve cells (neurons), blood cells, and bone cells.

19. Tissues  A group of specialized cells that work together to perform the same function.  There are four basic types of tissue in the human body:

20. Tissues  Nerve Tissue  Muscle Tissue  Epithelial Tissue  Connective Tissue

21. Tissues 1. Nerve tissue – carries impulses back and forth to the brain from the body

22. Three types of muscle tissue  Muscle tissue – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) contract and shorten, making body parts move  Skeletal  Cardiac  Smooth

23. 3. Epithelial tissue – covers the surfaces of the body, inside (as lining and /or covering of internal organs) and outside (as layer of skin)

24. 4. Connective tissue – connects all parts of the body and provides support (for example ligaments, cartilage, tendons ).

25. Organs  A group of two or more different types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function.  The task is generally more complex than that of the tissue.  For example, the heart is made of muscle and connective tissues which functions to pump blood throughout the body.

26. Systems  A group of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function.  Each organ system has its own function but the systems work together and depend on one another.  There are eleven different organ systems in the human body: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.

27. Human Physiology: Cell Membrane transport across cell, membrane and Intercellular communication Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY III Lecture 9/August/2012 Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.

28. Human Physiology: Levels Of Organization and Function- Organelles, tissues, organs and systems Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Collected and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D. BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY II Lecture 7/August/2012

31. Human Physiology: Regulation of cell multiplication and Musculo-skeletal system Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY II Lecture 13/August/2012 Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.

33. Human Physiology: Musculo-skeletal system: Structure and function of bone, cartilage and connective tissue. Disorders of the skeletal system. Types of muscles structure and function Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY II Lecture 14/August/2012 Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.