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CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Scanning Electron Microscope: Specimen Cells
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Fat cells
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Nerve Cells
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Red Blood Cells
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More Cells
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More Cells!
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Used compound microscope
7-1 Life Is Cellular A. The Discovery of the Cell 1. Early Microscopes Robert Hooke- Anton van Leeuwenhoek- 2. The Cell Theory Mathias Schleiden- Theodor Schwann- Rudolf Virchow- Used compound microscope to look at a slice of cork Observed tiny living things in pond water Concluded all plants are made of cells Stated all animals are made of cells Concluded new cells come from existing cells
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Cell Theory: All living things are composed of _____
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from ____________ cells Existing cells
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Exploring the Cell 1. Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM) -Specimen placed in a vacuum Scanning Probe Microscope development of fine probe microscope -operates in _______________ -can even show samples in solution ordinary air
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C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
cells vary in size from _________________- ___________________ viruses are not cells 0.2 micrometers 1000 micrometers Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus
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Membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes Common to Both Eukaryotes pro=__________ karyote= kernel (nucleus) generally smaller less complicated no Ex: Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria - Archaea contain __________ Eu= ___________ Karyote=kernel (nucleus) Generally larger Contain membrane bound organelles (“little organs”) Ex: before true DNA Cell membrane Membrane bound organelles Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
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Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell
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7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)
Venn Diagrams Section 7-2 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Contain DNA ribosomes Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Central Vacuole Centrioles Lysosomes
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Additional Resources Cell Organelles
Journey into DNA Quiz Cytoskeleton
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artists rendition of the plant cell
Section 7-2 Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell
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artists rendition of an animal cell
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Animal Cell (attached) Ribosome Nucleolus (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane
Animal Cell Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) (attached)
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Parts Wanted Advertising for Cells’ Organelles
Example: HELP WANTED Looking for a great opportunity to lead? Do you enjoy making decisions for others? Is guidance your strong point? If so, we are seeking to fill a managerial position. We are in need of a control center for a cell. Must be able to operate a cell. Should have solid experience reading and de-coding DNA. Should exhibit strong leadership skills. Benefits include: placement in low stress arm cells, long life guaranteed. . You don’t die; you just divide and multiply! If interested contact The Body at 817-8WE-CELL.
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7-3 Cell Boundaries A. Cell Membrane Regulates what ___________ and __________ the cell Provides Composed of a ______________ __________________ are embedded in the bilayer; _________________ are attached to some of the proteins; allows cells to __________ one another. enters leaves protection and support lipid bilayer Protein molecules form channels and pumps to move material across the cell membrane. Carbohydrates identify
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CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC” “ID tags” “transport” “Phospholipids”
Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC” “ID tags” “transport” “Phospholipids”
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Cell Walls Found in Cell walls are porous enough to allow Main function is to provide Plant cell walls made of __________ (carbohydrate fiber) plants, algae, fungi and many prokaryotes water, oxygen, carbon dioxide easily support and protection for the cell cellulose
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C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
All living cells exists in a Cell membranes regulate Cell membranes are _____________________ (aka: _______________) If substances can pass, then the cell membrane = If substances cannot pass, then the cell membrane= liquid environment. the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. selectively permeable semipermeable Permeable impermeable
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60g salt/3L H2O= 1. Measuring Concentration Cytoplasm=
Example:12g salt/3L H2O= 60g salt/3L H2O= Concentration gradient= Water and other substances between the cell membrane and the nucleus. mass of solute/volume of solution 4 g/L 20 g/L 5X more concentrated unequal distribution of particles
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2. Diffusion Particles constantly Particles move from a _____ concentration _____ a ____ concentration (with the concentration gradient); process is known as _________ Diffusion continues until Equilibrium = Diffusion depends upon random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes ______ requiring the cell to use _______ collide and spread out randomly in solution high to low diffusion equilibrium is reached When particles are evenly distributed in solution without energy The movement of particles will continue to move equally across the cell membrane to maintain equilibrium.
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Osmosis Osmosis = H2O passes easily across most membranes The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Before Osmosis After Osmosis Selectively permeable membrane water solute
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1. How Osmosis Works Left Beaker: More sugar molecules on the ____ side (low water concentration). The membrane is permeable to water but not sugar. left High water concentration on the right side. Net movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration.
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“above strength” “same strength” “below strength”
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Hypertonic Solution Isotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution “above strength” “same strength” “below strength” High concentration of Equal concentration of Low concentration of Dissolved substances dissolved substances dissolved substances In Solution in solution
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Cells in a hypertonic solution
In a hypertonic solution, water leaves a cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink. H2O H2O Water Molecule Dissolved Molecule
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Cells in a hypotonic solution
In a hypotonic solution, water enters a cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell. H2O H2O Water Molecule Dissolved Molecule
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Cells in an isotonic solution
In an isotonic solution, the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell. H2O H2O Water Molecule Dissolved Molecule
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The effects of Osmosis on cells
(animal cells refer to figure 7-16) Cells in a hypertonic solution Cells in a hypotonic solution Cells in an isotonic solution
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E. Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer on their own, can move Molecules still ___________________ concentration With the help of protein channels move from high to low
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F. Active Transport Movement of molecules Requires Needs against a concentration gradient (from low to high) energy a transport protein or pump Molecule to be carried Molecule being carried Energy
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Large molecules and clumps of material can be
taken into the cell by a process known as ___________. The two kinds of endocytosis are: 1. Phagocytosis= 2. Pinocytosis= ___________= release of large amounts of material endocytosis ‘Cell eating’ ‘cell drinking’ Exocytosis endo/exocytosis demonstration
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Section 8.1 Summary – pages 195 - 200
Transport of Large Particles Endocytosis is a process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment. Nucleus Digestion Exocytosis Endocytosis Wastes removal Section 8.1 Summary – pages
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Let’s Review: interactive sites for cell membrane, diffusion, active, passive transport PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT 1. 2. * Simple diffusion (includes Osmosis) Facilitated Diffusion No ATP ATP required No ATP Hi-Lo Hi-Lo Lo-Hi No protein Needs protein Needs Protein
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7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
A. Unicellular Organisms (single celled) Unicellular organisms _________ multicellular organisms Examples: B. Multicellular Organisms (many celled) Cells become ___________ to perform different tasks Cells need to communicate and cooperate outnumber Yeast, algae, bacteria specialized
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C. Levels of Organization
The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are: individual CELLS TISSUES ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS
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1. Tissues= Four types of tissue: - Organs= Ex. bicep muscle is mad of muscle, connective, and nervous tissue 3. Organ Systems= Group of similar cells that perform a particular function muscle epithelial nervous connective Groups of tissues Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
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California State Standards
1. Cell biology Cells are enclosed in semipermeable membranes that regulate their interactions with their surroundings Know prokaryotic cell differ from eukaryotic cells Know the role of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins Students know the role of mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells j. Students know how eukaryotic cells are given shape and internal organization by a cytoskeleton or cell wall or both.
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Warm-up Section 7-1 Name 3 scientists and their contribution to science. What is the cell theory? What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Use the “thinking visually” box on page 173 to answer this question.
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Warm-up Section 7-2 Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic cells maintain shape and internal organization with ….? What is the function of the nucleus? Where is chemical energy from food converted to useable energy? Where is light energy converted to chemical energy in plants? What is this process called?
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Warm-up Section 7-3 Describe the anatomy of a cell membrane.
What are the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall? What happens during diffusion? What is osmosis? Describe the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. Compare and contrast passive and active transport.
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Warm-up Section 7-4 What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism? What is cell specialization? Provide 3 examples.
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1. In many cells, the structure that controls the cell’s activities is the
Cell membrane Organelle Nucleolus Nucleus
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2. Despite differences in size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and a
Cell wall Cell membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus
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3. If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is a (an)
Plant Eukaryote Animal Prokaryote
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4. Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are called
Ribosomes Chromosomes Nuclei Mitochondria
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5. Which organelle converts the chemical energy in food into a form that cells can use?
Nucleolus Chromosome Mitochondrion Chloroplast
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6. Cell membranes are constructed mainly of
Lipid bilayers Protein pumps Carbohydrate gatess Free-moving proteins
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7. The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as
Exocytosis Phagocytosis Endocytosis osmosis
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8. A substance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy tends to move
Away from the area of equilibrium Away from the area where it is less concentrated Away from the area where it is more concentrated Toward the area where it is more concentrated
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9. Which cell helps in gas exchange in plants?
D. Stomata
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10. A tissue is composed of a group of
Similar cells Related organelles Organ systems Related organs
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Standardized Test Prep
Animals cells have all of the following EXCEPT Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus Cell membrane Golgi apparatus
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STP The nucleus includes all of the following structures EXCEPT
Cytoplasm Nuclear envelope DNA Nucleolus Chromatin
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STP Which statement best describes the expected result when a typical cell is placed into fresh water? Active transport of water into the cell would begin There would be a net movement of water out of the cell There would be a net movement of water into the cell Protein synthesis would begin No change in the cell’s water content would occur
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STP Which cell structures are sometimes found attached to the ER?
Chloroplasts Mitochondria Vacuoles Nuclei Ribosomes
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STP Which process always involves the movement of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell? Phagocytosis Endocytosis Diffusion Exocytosis Osmosis
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STP Which of the following is NOT an example of active transport?
Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Diffusion I only III only I and II only II and III only I, II, and III
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STP E B D
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How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell alike? How do they differ?
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