1. Thanks to: Washington U, Harvard-MIT Broad Inst., DARPA-BioSpice, DOE-GTL, EU-MolTools, NGHRI-CEGS, NHLBI-PGA, NIGMS-SysBio, PhRMA, Lipper Foundation Agencourt, Ambergen, Atactic, BeyondGenomics, Caliper, Genomatica, Genovoxx, Helicos, MJR, NEN, Nimblegen, SynBioCorp, ThermoFinnigan, Xeotron/Invitrogen For more info see: arep.med.harvard.edu iGEM Harvard Mon 6-Jun-2005 9:30-11:00 AM ELSI: Risks and Rewards of Synthetic Biology

2. Harvard iGEM Tag! / BioWire (Signal Transfer)Tag! / BioWire (Signal Transfer) Paula, Patrick, Jenny, Kang-Xing Thermal / Diagnostic DetectionThermal / Diagnostic Detection Chris, Ives, Thomas, Danny, Connie Cell Density DetectionCell Density Detection Yin, Hing, Orr, Sasha June 2 10:00-10:45 (George, Biolabs Main Lecture Hall) Overview of synthetic biology -- Slides [1] [1] June 6 9:30-11:00 (George) Risks and Rewards -- Slides[2] [2]

3. Why IGEM competition should not be like Core-War'84, Robot Wars'94, etc. Computer Viruses and Hacking Take $1.6 Trillion Toll on Worldwide Economy http://seclists.org/lists/isn/2000/Jul/0070.html http://seclists.org/lists/isn/2000/Jul/0070.html

4. 3 Exponential technologies (synergistic) Shendure J, Mitra R, Varma C, Church GM, 2004 Nature Reviews of Genetics. Carlson 2003 ; Kurzweil 2002; Moore 1965 urea E.coli B12 tRNA operons telegraph Computation & Communication (bits/sec) Synthesis (daltons) Analysis (bp/$) tRNA

5. It seemed like a good idea at the time. Crops River life Grain trade Livestock Fertilizer Nuclear Power Tankers Pets Malaria Cholera Yersinia Flu & HIV Anoxic fish TMI, Chernobyl Mussels & sea snakes Australian herbicide

6. Responsible Conduct In Research http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/obas/ "If scientists find that their discoveries have implications for some important aspect of public affairs, they have a responsibility to call attention to the public issues involved.. A good example is the response of biologists to the development of recombinant DNA technologies -- first calling for a temporary moratorium on the research and then helping to set up a regulatory mechanism to ensure its safety." http://www.aaes.org/membership/index.asp

7. Synthetic Biology Policy Closed vs open -- International transparency Lower costs & availability impact on biohackers Rapid response tools Culture of cooperation Professional society with code of ethics Licensing & monitoring vendors, signatures/IDs NHGRI ELSI 1990-present Synthetic Biology 1.0 June 2004 Sloan Foundation Study Science & Technology Expert Partnership Jun'05 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Carnegie Foundation The J. Craig Venter Institute National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) Jul'05

8. 1977 1995 cult Aum Shinrikyo, aerosolize anthrax & botulinum in Tokyo on 8 occasions.

9. Bio-risks, Biosecurity Accidental Bio-Risks IL4-pox Purposeful Bio-Risks "the most powerful..called Anthrax 836 isolated ironically after another accident..disinfected the sewer but..one of the rodents captured in the Kirov sewers had developed a new strain, more virulent than the original. The army immediately ordered him to cultivate the new strains." --Ken Alibek in "Biohazard" Uncertain Bio-Risks Gene therapy, GMOs, Ecology

10. Accidental Bio-risk in research "Recently immunized genetically resistant mice with the virus expressing IL-4 also resulted in significant mortality due to fulminant mousepox." Jackson et al. (2001) J Virol. 75:1205-10. A smallpox victim in Gloucester, 1923

11. Uncertain Bio-risks Gene therapy: Immune reactions (Penn) Insertions in tumor suppressor genes & onocogenes Genetically modified organisms (GMO) uncontrolled spread of: Ice-nucleation & ice resistance (AGS) Herbicide resistance (Monsanto) Allergens Pharmaceuticals & vaccines Drought resistance Eco-engineering Ocean fertilization

12. ELSI: Safe Synthetic Biology Church, G.M. (2004) A synthetic biohazard non-proliferation proposal. http://arep.med.harvard.edu /SBPhttp://arep.med.harvard.edu /SBP Monitor oligo synthesis via expansion of Controlled substances, Select Agents, Recombinant DNA Computational tools are available; small number of reagent, instrument & synthetic DNA suppliers at present. System modeling checks for synthetic biology projects Multi-auxotrophy & novel genetic codes prevent functional transfer of DNA to other cells.

13. Encourage responsibility in the entire bio-supply-chain via licensing 1. Chemicals: Phosphoramidites 2. Instruments 3. Synthetic oligonucleotides 4. Synthetic genes/genomes 5. Design & ordering software (check for select agents) 6. Educational goals (defense not offense) 7. Intellectual property & know-how 8. Engineering standards & societies 9. Network of trainees (no trainee left behind)

14. Defense not offense (albeit a perfect defense can allow first strikes) How would you make cells resistant to all viruses (phages)? Auto-destruct at a specific conditions (temperature) Toxin-antitoxin pairs: RelB/E, MazE/, yeeU/V, CcdB inhibits GyrA Auxotrophs (metabolic dependencies) Inexpensive monitoring & diagnostics, bio-weather-map Optimal biosynthesis e.g. artemesinin (malaria) Explore epitopes & vaccines

15. Safety via blocking exchange Can we make a cell which is resistant to all viruses and incapable of *functional* DNA exchange in or out? Options: Restriction enzymes (mainly incoming) Chirality (very challenging) Genetic code remapping Micrococcus luteus is naturally missing 6 codons: UUA(L), CUA(L), AUA(I), GUA(V), CAA(Q), AGA(R). Kowal, AK, & Oliver, JS NAR 1997, 25: 4685

16. 108 TypeIIS Endonucleases FokI GGATG (N9/13) 5 +4 BsmFI GGGAC (N10/14) 5 +4 NEB SAGE MmeI TCCRAC (N20/18) 5.5 -2 NEB LongSage EcoP15I CAGCAG (N25/27) 6 +2 homemade SuperSage BceAI ACGGC (N12/14) 5 +2 Bce83I CTTGAG (N16/14) 6 -2 AcuI CTGAAG (N16/14) 6 -2 AarI CACCTGC(N4/8) 7 +4 SceI TAGGG_ATAA^CAGGGTAAT 18 -4 BsaXI (N9/12)AC(N5)CTCC(N10/7) 6+3-3 NEB Velculescu etal. Science. 1995 270:484. SahaS,etal. Nat Biotec. 2002 20:508 Matsumura etal.PNAS 2003 100:15718

17. Mirror world : enzyme, parasite, & predator resistance & access 2 n diastereomers (n chiral atoms) L-amino acids & D-ribose (rNTPs, dNTPs) Transition: EF-Tu, peptidyl transferase, DNA-ligase D-amino acids & L-ribose (rNTPs, dNTPs) Dedkova, et al. (2003) Enhanced D-amino acid incorporation into protein by modified ribosomes. J Am Chem Soc 125, 6616-7

18. Free up 1 to 15 codons in vivo M. luteus missing 6 codons: UUA(L), CUA(L), AUA(I), GUA(V), CAA(Q), AGA(R). 3 4 1 2 * * * * * *

19. Up to 760K Oligos/Chip 18 Mbp for $1K raw (6-18K genes) <1K Oxamer Electrolytic acid/base 8K Atactic/Xeotron/Invitrogen Photo-Generated Acid Sheng, Zhou, Gulari, Gao (U.Houston) 24K Agilent Ink-jet standard reagents 48K Febit 100K Metrigen 380K Nimblegen Photolabile 5'protection Nuwaysir, Smith, Albert Tian, Gong, Church ~5000 lower oligo costs

20. Improving DNA synthesis accuracy Method Bp/error Chip assembly only 160 Hybridization-selection 1,400 MutS-gel-shift 10,000 PCR 35 cycles 10,000 MutHLS cleavage 100,000 Tian & Church 2004 Nature Carr & Jacobson 2004 NAR Smith & Modrich 1997 PNAS http://www.invitrogen.com/content.cfm?pageid=453

21. CAD-PAM: Computer aided Design - Polymerase Assembly Multiplexing For tandem, inverted and dispersed repeats: Focus on 3' ends, hierarchical assembly, size-selection and scaffolding. Mullis 1986 CSHSQB, Dillon 1990 BioTech, Stemmer 1995 Gene Tian et al. 2004 Nature, Kodumal et 2004 PNAS 50 75 125 225 425 825 … 100*2^(n-1)

22. Genome assembly 0 1 2 3 4 PAM cycle# 5 50 75 125 225 425 #bp 825 50 HS PAM 425 MutS PAM 10K anneal 100K  red  5Mbp USER-S1 USER-S1 USER-5'only One pool 480 pools 480 genomic 48 1 of 117K universal primers primer pairs HS=Hybridization-Selection USER=Uracil DNA glycosylase &EndoVIII to remove flanking primer pairs PCR in vitro Isaacs, Carr, Emig, Gong, Tian, Jacobson, Church in vivo

23. Genome assembly alternatives 1. tet Serial electroporation: 48 stages: 1 strain (1.6 days/stage) vs. Conjugation: 7 stages: 48 > 24 > 12 > 6 > 3 > 2 > 1 strains 3. tet 2. kan Reppas & Church

24. All 30S-Ribosomal-protein DNAs (codon re-optimized) Tian, Gong, Sheng, Zhou, Gulari, Gao, Church 1.7 kb 0.3 kb s19 0.3kb Nimblegen 95K chip Atactic <4K chip 14.6 kb

25. Extreme mRNA makeover for protein expression in vitro RS-2,4,5,6,9,10,12,13,15,16,17,and 21 detectable initially. RS-1, 3, 7, 8, 11, 14, 18, 19, 20 initially weak or undetectable. Solution: Iteratively resynthesize all mRNAs with less mRNA structure. Tian & Church Western blot based on His-tags

26. Genome engineering: Cross-feeding Auxotrophs  trp/  tyrA pair of genomes shows the best co-growth (syntrophs) Reppas & Lin First Passage SecondPassage

27. Co-evolution of syntrophic Trp-/Tyr- genome pair

28. # of bases sequenced (total Mbp)23 (no) 10.8 (yes) # bases sequenced (unique)73 b 4.7 Mb (72%) Average fold coverage 324,000 2.3 Pixels used per bead (analysis) 3.6 3.6 Read Length (bp) 14 24 Indels 0.6% ? Substitutions (raw error-rate) 4e-5 1e-2 Throughput (kb/min) 360 10 Speed/cost ratio relative to 1100 32 current ABI capillary sequencing @ 0.75 kb/min/device Plone-bead FISSeq SBE SBL Consider amplification, homopolymer, context errors? Shendure & Porreca

29. Plone analysis of synthetic evolved E.coli Tyr- / Trp- pair 374,449 G>A MhpT 5'UTR 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid transport 986,327 T>G OmpF Promoter-10 Outer membrane porin 1,990,682 G>A PgsA Arg>Cys Essential phospholipid synthesis protein 3,599,626 G>C FtsX Leu>Val Essential cell division protein 3,957,957 C>T PpiC 5'UTR Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (stress) 4,002,444 G>C YigI Arg->Gly Unknown conserved protein Reppas, Shendure, Porreca

30. Harvard iGEM Tag! / BioWire (Signal Transfer)Tag! / BioWire (Signal Transfer) Paula, Patrick, Jenny, Kang-Xing Thermal / Diagnostic DetectionThermal / Diagnostic Detection Chris, Ives, Thomas, Danny, Connie Cell Density DetectionCell Density Detection Yin, Hing, Orr, Sasha June 2 10:00-10:45 (George, Biolabs Main Lecture Hall) Overview of synthetic biology -- Slides [1] [1] June 6 9:30-11:00 (George) Risks and Rewards -- Slides[2] [2]

31. Defense not offense (albeit a perfect defense can allow first strikes) How would you make cells resistant to all viruses (phages)? Auto-destruct at a specific conditions (temperature) Toxin-antitoxin pairs: RelB/E, MazE/, yeeU/V, CcdB inhibits GyrA Auxotrophs (metabolic dependencies) Inexpensive monitoring & diagnostics, bio-weather-map Optimal biosynthesis e.g. artemesinin (malaria) Explore epitopes & vaccines

32. .