2. Classification

3. Why Do We Classify? For easier study… Why do we need to study?
The diversity seen in organisms give us insight into answering numerous questions
Evolution
Medicine
Predictions
Sustainability

4. Classification and Structural Similarities
Classification is necessary for putting organisms into groups.
How is this accomplished?
Homologies in Anatomical Characteristics
example: similar bone and muscle structure of obviously different animals
Chemical homologies – DNA or RNA similarities
Specifics in niches.

6. Naming
Carolus Linnaeus developed the two naming system in the 18th century. Together this is the scientific name or Binomial Nomenclature
Composed of two Latin words
First name is the genus and is capitalized
Second name is the description/species and in lowercase.
Example: Homo sapiens, Canis lupus, Pinus ponderosa
Why use the scientific name?
So everyone knows what they are talking about no matter where they are or what language they speak.

7. Biodiversity
The goal is to correctly categorize every organism into correct domain/kingdom.
Ultimately, the most specific = Species
Group of closely related animals that can breed in nature and produce fertile offspring.
Members of the same species may look different
Dogs may look different but they are the same group
Differences within a species is call variation
Individual variations, geographic variation, and polymorphism

8. 6 Kingdoms
Your first goal is to identify the 6 kingdoms and cite examples that exist in each.
We’ll then look at each kingdom individually and identify features of each.

9. Kingdoms of Organisms 1st based on Cell Type
Prokaryotes – have a lack of membrane bound structures, rigid, form protein like chains, single strand of DNA, plasmids
Eukaryotes – larger, have membrane bond structures, DNA is organized in nucleus, do not have plasmids
2nd: Cellular organization
Does it have cell walls?
Is it uni- or multicellular?
3rd: Nutrition Source
Auto or Heterotroph? Chemo or photosynthecizing?

10. Overview of Classification

11. Kingdom (Domain): Monera/Prokaryotes
Mostly unicellular
Asexual reproduction-one parent (cell division)
Can get energy from the sun, chemicals (autotrophs) or are heterotrophs
Eubacteria (true bacteria) = most use oxygen

12. Kingdom (Domain): Archaea
Extremophiles.
Are found in “extreme” environments.
Volcanic vents
Glaciers
Deep underwater
Often chemosynthesize.

13. Kingdom: Protista
Unicellular and multicellular, may be consumers or decomposers, variety of sizes
Eukaryotes
Autotrophy and Heterotrophy
Examples: algae, protozoa (Euglena, amoeba)

14. Kingdom: Fungi Heterotrophy Eukaryotes Unicellular and multicellular
Absorb small molecules from surroundings (food) generally are decomposers
Example: molds, yeasts and fungi

15. Kingdom: Plantae
Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesis to produce food. (autotrophy)
Very rare but possible some are heterotrophs
The have cellulose in the cell walls, chloroplasts, produce oxygen
Included in this group are ferns, trees, cacti, flowering plants

16. Kingdom: Animalia
Multicellular eukaryotes, Heterotrophs that range in size
Most are motile, have senses, nervous system.
Vertebrates – have a backbone (birds, dogs, snakes)
Invertebrates – don’t have a backbone (worms and insects)

17. Kingdoms Contain Phyla
Each kingdom contains more speciic groups called phyla
We will end the year with a study into animal phyla and the systems of animals.
The animal kingdom contains the phyla:
Porifera (9,000 species)
Cnidaria (10,000 species)
Ctenophora (100 species)
Platyhelminthes (20,000 species)
Nematoda (12,000 species)
Mollusca ((110,000 species)
Annelida (12,000 species)
Arthropoda (1 million species)
Echinodermata (6,000 species)
Chordata (42,500 species)

19. Classification and Change
With new technologies scientists can find different ways of grouping organisms.
Different classifications have different purposes
We use classification systems to help us analyze diversity of the earth for innumerous reasons.

20. Hierarchies of Classification
Remembering the order:
King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Great
Soup
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

21. Classification of Humans
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum/Division Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens

22. Independent Practice Complete the chart… Due Monday
For resources use the blue biology book pgs (symmetry, respiration, etc.)
For specifics on each phyla, open to the appendix pgs

23. Agenda Get books Get into groups
Read through Chapter 19 & fill out the worksheet.