1. Review Using Graphs and Formulas

2. Appendix A graph is like a street map—it is a simplified version of reality.

3. Bar Graph A. OccupationAverage Salary University President $ Provost$ Deans$ Male Tenured Professor $ Female Tenured Professors $ Male Untenured Professors $ Female Untenured Professors $ Grad Students$ Football Coaches$ Average Academic Salaries

4. Bar Graph A.

5. iPod Sales Fiscal YearQ1Q2Q3Q4Total 2002125,00057,00054,000140,000376,000 2003219,00078,000304,000336,000937,000 2004733,000807,000860,0002,016,0004,416,000 20054,580,0005,311,0006,155,0006,451,00022,497,000 200614,043,0008,526,0008,111,0008,729,00039,409,000 200721,066,00010,549,0009,815,00010,200,00051,630,000 200822,121,00010,644,00011,011,00011,052,00054,828,000 200922,727,00011,013,00010,215,00043,955,000 Fiscal YearQ1Q2Q3Q4218,048,000

6. Bar Graph B.

7. Formulas: Percentage Change One important formula is the percentage change, which is the change in some economic variable, usually from one period to the next, expressed as a percentage.

8. Pie Chart CountryMilitary Spending United States$711 Europe$289 China$122 East Asia/Australia $120 Middle East/ N. Africa $82 Russia$70 Latin America$39 Central/South Asia $30 Sub-Saharan Africa $10 Total: $1.473 trillion

9. Example: Pie Chart

10. One Variable Graph Time-Series Graphs

11. Figure 1A.2 Time-Series Graphs Time-series graphs

12. Appendix FIGURE 1A-3 Plotting Price and Quantity Points in a Graph Graphs of Two Variables

13. Appendix FIGURE 1A-6 Graphing the Positive Relationship between Income and Consumption Graphs of Two Variables Positive and Negative Relationships

14. Determining cause and effect

16. Number of credits taken by students What is a variable that has no effect on the number of credits taken by students? What is the slope of the line that shows this relationship?

17. Price Name a product that people also buy in the same quantity, regardless of price? What is the slope of the line that shows the relationship between the price of this product and the quantity purchased?