1. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 1 Stefan Anders Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

2. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 2 Whereis the starting point? Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

3. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 3 Whereis the starting point? Whichproblems have to be solved? Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

4. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 4 Whereis the starting point? Whichproblems have to be solved? Whathas been achieved so far? Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

5. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 5 Whereis the starting point? Whichproblems have to be solved? Whathas been achieved so far? Wheredo we still have to go? Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

6. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 6 Where is the starting point? Storage Systems StorHy’s BAM working group ‘Storage Systems’ conducts within StorHy’s subproject Safety Assessment and Regulations ‘Safety Assessment and Regulations’ safety assessment safety assessment on storage systems. source: DC

7. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 7 Where is the starting point? Hybridstructures Hybrid structures (composite and metal or plastic liner) are used for compressed storage. winding process Composite layer is applied on the liner by a winding process. Requirements Requirements: - up to 70 MPa operating pressure - Temperature range -40°C to +85°C

8. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 8 Where is the starting point? Test facility at BAM for extreme temperature cycling tests max. pressure: 120 MPa (dynamic) temperature: -60°C to +90°C 350 MPa (static)

9. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 9 Whereis the starting point? Whichproblems have to be solved? Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

10. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 10 Which problems have to be solved? Identicaldifferent safety behavior Identical cylinders from the same batch show different safety relevant structural behavior: Problem: - burst pressure- number of load cycles to failure - strain level on the same pressure

11. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 11 Which problems have to be solved? safe fast production economical production Accurate stress analyses light weight structure temperature Structural behavior is strongly depend on the boundary conditions temperature

12. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 12 Whereis the starting point? Whichproblems have to be solved? Whathas been achieved so far? Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

13. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 13 What has been achieved so far? Tests on resin systems temperature depending Tests on resin systems showed clearly the strong temperature depending material behavior.

14. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 14 What has been achieved so far? * * Stefan Anders, Residual Stresses in Composite-Metal Structures for High H2 Gas Cylinders, CANCOM 07, Winnipeg, Canada

15. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 15 What has been achieved so far? temperature distribution probability density function class frequency overall class frequency How oftenclass How often does each temperature class load the cylinder?

16. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 16 What has been achieved so far? Probability density function (for each calendar months) Assumption: - temperature distribution follows a Gaussian (normal) distribution Input: - mean value of min/max temperature - abs. min/max temperature  standard deviation standard deviation mean value abs. min

17. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 17 What has been achieved so far? Class frequency (for each calendar months) - setting temperature classes T k at an increment of  T = 5°C - solving the definite integral for each temperature class

18. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 18 What has been achieved so far? Overall class frequency - for all temperature classes T k of the 12 calendar month the arithmetic mean value is determined

19. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 19 What has been achieved so far? Thermal stresses Thermal stresses in the liner layer (0°-90°-Al hybrid) max. filling temperature Jokkmokk – max. stress amplitude – frequency 0.27%Jokkmokk – max. frequency 19.6%

20. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 20 Whereis the starting point? Whichproblems have to be solved? Whathas been achieved so far? Wheredo we still have to go? Thermal Loading Cases of Hydrogen High Pressure Storage Cylinders

21. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 21 Where do we still have to go? So far it could be shown: loadunload cold and warm temperatures do load or unload the composite and the liner (fatigue) resindominated temperature effect is mainly effective in the resin dominated directions lay-uptemperature effect lay-up influences the degree of temperature effect (avoid shear stresses)

22. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 22 Where do we still have to go? Issues which still have to be considered, among others: dynamic loading fatigue influence of dynamic loading (pressure and temperature load cycles) which leads to fatigue visco-elastic effects long term behavior with visco-elastic effects

23. Division III.2 Storage Systems Stefan Anders BAMICHS – San Sebastian – 2007 September 11-13 slide no 23 Stefan Anders Tel.: +49 (0) 30/8104-3981 Fax: +49 (0) 30/8104-1327 E-Mail: stefan.anders@bam.de BAM - III.2 Unter den Eichen 44-46 D-12205 Berlin Germany Thank you!