1. Force in Mechanical Systems http://www.uhigh.ilstu.edu/tech/PT/

2. Objectives TLW evaluate and predict what happens to an object when balanced and unbalanced forces are applied (TEKS 6.C) TLW evaluate and predict what happens to an object when balanced and unbalanced forces are applied (TEKS 6.C) TLW measure mechanical force TEKS 6.D) TLW measure mechanical force TEKS 6.D)  Define force, and describe how forces are measured.  Describe what happens when forces on an object are balanced and when they are unbalanced.  Explain the meaning of Newton's first law of motion.  Define scalar, vector, weight, mass, and torque.  Determine the resultant force on an object when two or more forces act on it.  Solve problems involving force, lever arm, and torque.

3. Ways to transmit mechanical forces!

4. Measuring Force Metric System (SI- Systems International) Metric System (SI- Systems International) English English QuantityUnitSymbol Lengthmeterm Masskilogramkg Timeseconds Electric Current ampereA TemperatureKelvinK Amount of substance molemol Luminous intensity candelacd

5. Units English English  Length – foot (ft)  Force - Pound (lb) SI SI  Length – meter (m)  Force - Newton (N) Conversions 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 pound = 4.45 newtons 1 kilogram = 1000 grams 1 kg = 9.8 N = 2.2 lb 1 slug = 32.2 lb 1 slug = 14.59 kg

6. Definitions Force Force Weight Weight Mass Mass Vector – has magnitude and direction Vector – has magnitude and direction Scalar – quantity described by only a magnitude. (temp., time, pressure, mass) Scalar – quantity described by only a magnitude. (temp., time, pressure, mass) Not the same thing Amount of matter in an object Takes into account gravity

7. Drawing Forces Draw as an arrow. Draw as an arrow. Length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector. Length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector. Head points in the direction of the vector. Head points in the direction of the vector. 20º 3” 1 inch = 20 lb.

8. Terms Balanced forces Balanced forces Unbalanced forces Unbalanced forces Net force = sum of all forces (+ or -) Net force = sum of all forces (+ or -) Equilibrium – no net force, object in equilibrium Equilibrium – no net force, object in equilibrium Newton’s First Law of Motion (law of inertia) Newton’s First Law of Motion (law of inertia)  Every object will remain at rest, or will continue to move in a straight line with constant speed, unless the object is acted on by a net force. Inertia – the property of an object to resist changes in its motion. Inertia – the property of an object to resist changes in its motion.

9. Adding Forces 1.Draw the 40 lb. Force 2.Add the 30 lb. Force to the 40 lb. Force (head to tail method) 3.Draw the resultant force 4.Determine magnitude and direction of resultant force 5.Form conclusion.

10. Example

11. Terms Torque – the quantity that causes rotation in mechanical systems. (cw or ccw) Torque – the quantity that causes rotation in mechanical systems. (cw or ccw)  =F x L (Greek letter “tau”)  =F x L (Greek letter “tau”) Torque = Applied Force x Length of lever arm  =F x r (where r = radius for gears, etc.)  has units of foot-pounds or Newton-meters

13. Summary A force is a push or a pull. A force is a push or a pull. Force is a vector. It has both magnitude and direction. Its magnitude is measured in pounds or in newtons. Force is a vector. It has both magnitude and direction. Its magnitude is measured in pounds or in newtons. Newton's first law says that an object will remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line unless it is acted on by a net force. Newton's first law says that an object will remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line unless it is acted on by a net force. Unbalanced forces result in a net force acting on an object. Balanced forces result in no net force acting on an object. Unbalanced forces result in a net force acting on an object. Balanced forces result in no net force acting on an object. If two forces act on an object and the forces act in a straight line, the magnitude of the resultant is either the sum of or the difference between the two forces' magnitudes. If two forces act on an object and the forces act in a straight line, the magnitude of the resultant is either the sum of or the difference between the two forces' magnitudes.

14. Summary (cont.) If two forces act on an object and the forces do not act in a straight line, the resultant can be found using the head- to-tail method of vector addition. If two forces act on an object and the forces do not act in a straight line, the resultant can be found using the head- to-tail method of vector addition. The mass of an object is a measure of the object's inertia. The weight is a measure of the force exerted on the object by gravity. The mass of an object is a measure of the object's inertia. The weight is a measure of the force exerted on the object by gravity. A torque is exerted on a body when a force is applied and the line of action of the force does not pass through the body's axis of rotation. The torque equals the force times the lever arm A torque is exerted on a body when a force is applied and the line of action of the force does not pass through the body's axis of rotation. The torque equals the force times the lever arm If no net torque is exerted on a body, it will remain at rest or will continue to rotate at a constant rate. If no net torque is exerted on a body, it will remain at rest or will continue to rotate at a constant rate. (TLS # 16)

15. Practice Problems Physics in Context textbook pages 23 – 26 (selected problems) Physics in Context textbook pages 23 – 26 (selected problems)