1. 1-State the prevalence of smoking nationally,regionally and globally 2-Discuss the mechanism by which smoking can induce lung emphysema 3-Discuss the morphological changes of chronic bronchitis and emphysema 1-State the prevalence of smoking nationally,regionally and globally 2-Discuss the mechanism by which smoking can induce lung emphysema 3-Discuss the morphological changes of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

2. Prevalence in KSA

4. About 19 percent of American adults smoke these days, compared with about 42 percent in 1965.19 percent of American adults 42 percent in 1965 less prevalent in Canada, Mexico and Iceland. Overall, the prevalence of smoking has gone down worldwide over the past few decades.

12. Bullous emphysema with large apical and subpleural bulla

14. CHF(cor pulmonal) Pulmonary hypertension Respiratory acidosis Hypoxia Coma Pneumothorax Collapse Polycythemia CHF(cor pulmonal) Pulmonary hypertension Respiratory acidosis Hypoxia Coma Pneumothorax Collapse Polycythemia

15. .

19. Pulmonary hypertension Cardiac failure Recurrent infections Respiratory failure COPD Atypical metaplasia and dysplasia of respiratory epithelium leads to malignancy Pulmonary hypertension Cardiac failure Recurrent infections Respiratory failure COPD Atypical metaplasia and dysplasia of respiratory epithelium leads to malignancy