1. Scientific and technological applications of proton therapy beams Daniel Errandonea ICMUV, Fund. Gen. Univ. Valencia IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia

2.  Radiation effects research programme  Materials testing  Environmental studies  Geophysical studies  Biological effects of radiation  Archeometric applications  Testing detectors and components for HEP physics  Basic Research Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia

3. Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Space Radiation Effects on Materials Radiation hardiness is a critical issue for materials used in long-duration space flight. Proton beams allows the developer of space materials to simulate radiation damages to structural, shielding, and electronic materials

4. Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Proton environment in space  detrimental effect on semiconductor components & other materials used in spacecraft. The ability to simulate this environment on earth enables to take this hazard into consideration in the design stage. Space Radiation Effects Main sources of energetic particles concerning to spacecraft designers: 1) protons and electrons trapped in the Van Allen belts, 2) cosmic ray protons and heavy ions, and 4) protons and heavy ions from solar flares.

5. Scientific and technological applications Space Radiation Effects IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Single Event Effects: occur randomly at low irradiation levels, software or hardware, permanent or not Radiation effects: Total Ionization Dose (protons, electrons) Single Event Effects (heavy ions, protons, neutrons) Single Event Upset

6. 10 2 -10 3 MeV Cosmic rays interactions cause malfunctioning of electronic components in space missions and at earth Cosmic Rays Cosmic rays arriving: 89% protons 10% 4 He 1% others Solar cycle variation Scientific and technological applications Space Radiation Effects IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia 200 MeV proton beam

7. CASSINI Mission Scientific and technological applications Space Radiation Effects IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Direct correlation between malfunctions & proton dose

8. Scientific and technological applications Space Radiation Effects IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Solar Cells Damage

9. Scientific and technological applications Space Radiation Effects GaAs Solar Cells are more resistant to radiation IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia

10. Space Radiation Effects Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Aluminium mirrors Hubble Irradiation time Reflectivity damage In visible and near-IR

11. Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Space radiation may cause prolonged cellular damage to astronauts Space Radiation Effects High-energy radiation found in space may lead to premature aging and prolonged oxidative stress in cells. Experiments suggest that astronauts may be at increased risk of colon cancer due to exposure to found in space. Current risk estimates for radiation exposure rely exclusively on the cumulative dose a person receives in his lifetime.

12. BNL scientists measured the level of free radicals present & the expression of stress response genes in the cells of mice exposed to proton radiation. They concluded that the cellular environment of the gastrointestinal tract was highly oxidative. Scientific and technological applications Space Radiation Effects IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia BNL NASA Space Radiation Laboratory beamline Protons produced a spectrum of cellular damage very similar to the pattern caused by high-energy iron ions and other heavy charged particles. Proton Dangers To Astronauts Underestimated NASA is extending the research to human cells irradiated with 200 MeV proton beams.

13. Effects of Proton Beam Irradiation on Spirophenanthrooxazine Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia SPO used in optical memory storage, optical switching, and displays

14. Effects of Proton Beam Irradiation on Spirophenanthrooxazine Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Under the proton-beam irradiation, SPO decomposes into two main products.

15. Proton interactions with matter When protons traverse matter: they loose energy through collisions with atomic electrons they change slightly direction trough nuclear elastic scattering they “disappear” through nuclear reactions and create new nuclei Coulomb Multiple Scattering 208 Pb 56 Fe  EL RR RR Range 5.8 cm 42.3 cm 230 MeV800 MeV IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Scientific and technological applications Proton transmission radiography

16. Range 5.8 cm 42.3 cm 230 MeV800 MeV X-Rays 800MeV-p Airplane Diesel engine Los Alamos National Laboratory Proton transmission radiography Can be applied also at 200 MeV IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia

17. Particle Induced X-ray Emission HMI-Berlin Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia

18. Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia

19. Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Here is a view of the proton beam emerging into the air in the target room. The blue light is from the interaction of the proton beam with the atoms and molecules in the air. This allows to examine materials which could not be explored in vacuum, as would be required with some other ion beam analysis techniques.

20. Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Concentrations of low-Z elements (Li, Be, B, F, Na, Mg and Al). The degree of fluorine enrichment in Antarctic meteorites provides a quantitative measure for terrestrial contamination

21. Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia In addition to its high sensitivity, PIGE has the ability to determine simultaneously a number of low Z elements in health related environmental samples.

22. Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Percentage of Ca and P in teeth from children with and without cystic fibrosis. Different variables: gender, age, type of teeth, fluoridation of water supply, term of pregnancy, maternal smoking & drinking habits. Proton-induced gamma emission on tooth-crown samples. Less Ca in the teeth of the population of cystic fibrosis + nontetracycline antibiotics than in that of noncystic fibrosis for the total tooth population. Both Ca and P in teeth of NCF population living in fluoridated areas > than in those living in nonfluoridated area. Ca is depleted in the teeth of CF + NT children whose mothers smoke and P is depleted in the teeth of NCF children whose mothers drink.

23. Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Carbon can be determined in steel from 4439 keV  -rays resulted from the reaction 12C (p, p’  ) 12C The excellent peak to background ratio and the small number of peaks in the 3-4 MeV energy range lead to a good sensitivity.

24. Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Earth and Planetary Sciences A very abundant mineral in rocks and meteorites A conventional thermometer and barometer Zircon – ZrSiO 4 It is very stable, but structural changes are induced by P-T Commonly used for nuclear waste storage. Why don’t the effects of proton radiation on early ages of earth or during meteorite travel.

25. Scientific and technological applications Earth and Planetary Sciences Zircon – ZrSiO 4 IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia The combination of pressure and proton beams triggers drastic structural changes not caused by applied pressure or protons alone. The modifications comprise decomposition into nanocrystals and nucleation of the HP phase reidite.

26. Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia Test the overall performance of detectors and detector components Mineral oil used as a neutrino detector medium at MiniBooNE neutrino experiment at Fermilab (800 tonnes) tested at the proton beam of the The Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (200 Mev). Charged particles in the mineral oil predominantly produce Cerenkov light. However, a small amount of scintillation light is also produced. A small prototype of a liquid scintillation imaging detector was illuminated with protons below the threshold for Cerenkov light production (Tth = 341 MeV). Scintillation light from the oil was characterized

27. PSI Zurich Facilities worldwide

28. IUCF Bloomington Facilities worldwide

29. TRUMF Vancouver Facilities worldwide

30. Conclusions: A proton beam as a tool to analyze materials. Applications are probably only limited by our imagination. Several examples presented. From space radiation effects in semiconductors to environmental studies. Interdisciplinary research efforts can be built, with space research, archaeology, anthropology, geo-sciences, materials science, medicine, etc… An applied proton beam could also provide analysis services to outside entities and be also a teaching tool. Scientific and technological applications IFIMED’09 Symposium, 10-11 June 2009, Valencia