1. Chapter 12 – Social Cognition Self-Concept Distinguish self from world - 1-2 months Self-recognition & knowledge - 18-24 months - refer to selves

2. Cooley (1908) - 4 th mo. — pride in control - 19 th mo. — understands “I” and “you” - 22 nd mo. — imitates “I,” “me,” but no understanding Refers to self as “you” and “she”

3. - < 33 rd mo. — correct use of “I,” “me,” & “mine” Self-referent words learned incorrectly, via imitation Gradual shift to correct terms with growing sense of self

4. Cooley’s theory of self “Looking glass self” Self-awareness depends on adopting perspective of others “Reflected appraisals”

5. Self-recognition Self as object of thoughts Before ability to describe & evaluate self Self-description & evaluation underlie moral development

6. Self-descriptions With maturity: complex, subtle, abstract, contradictory

7. With age, LESS likely to mention Actions Likes/dislikes Physical characteristics Body image Sex Possessions Citizenship/territory

8. With age, MORE likely to mention Age category Role Interpersonal style Psychological style Ideology & personal beliefs

9. Self-evaluation (after description) Toddlers’ approval-seeking - 13- to 39-month-olds - observed toy demonstration & played with toy

10. Results: - 21+ mos, looked at experimenter after accomplishment - 21+ months, sought mothers’ recognition Older toddlers seeking feedback regarding success Social Referencing

11. Reactions to success/failure Aged 2-5 Success/failure rigged

12. Results: All sought attention for success All avoided eye contact if failure Younger children slightly less affected by failure

13. Stages 1.< 22 months cannot anticipate others’ reactions - can’t think about self having accomplished something

14. 2.Then anticipate adult reactions - seek approval for success - avoid reaction to failure 3.Gradually internalize adults’ reactions & evaluate own performance

15. Self-esteem (after evaluation) Harter (1987) Components of self-esteem

16. In/competence in specific areas Cognition Social Athletics Behavior Appearance Global self-worth

17. Developmental differences: At 4-7 rate selves unrealistically high Age 7-8 ratings are realistic & variable

18. Global self-worth Not a sum of others Based on a) discrepancy between self-perception & perception of what one SHOULD be b) perception of others’ evaluations

19. Importance of internalized standards Self-esteem = meeting own (& others’) standards

20. To have positive self-worth Perform well Think the ability is important Live up to own standards Perceive others evaluate as competent

21. For child with low self-worth Respond to successes Provide success experiences Encourage after failure Give opportunities to improve skills in areas important to the child

22. Identity Erikson’s Lifespan Development 8 Stages: infancy to old age Stages = specific crisis to resolve If not, maybe psychological problems

23. Adolescent stage = Identity vs. role confusion Crisis = define self Form values via: Experimentation Belongingness to group Self-reflection

24. Outcomes 1.Successful coping with crisis - new sense of self - move to next stage 2.Or, confused - withdraw - lose identity in the crowd

25. Young Adult Stage = Intimacy vs. Isolation Lasting romantic attachment Interdependence vs. isolation vs. dependence

26. Current Views of Identity Lifelong process - begins with infant attachment - emergence of independence - continually revised throughout life

27. Adolescence - particularly important (physical, social, cognitive changes)

28. Identity Formation = commitment to: - vocation - sexual orientation - ideological position - pieces develop gradually - ultimately form whole identity

29. Marcia’ 4 Identity Statuses Identity achievement - have experimented - have formed identity - made commitment to beliefs Search: YesCommitment: Yes

30. Moratorium - currently in crisis - no commitment made Search: YesCommitment: No

31. Foreclosure - no crisis experienced - commitment already made - based on others’ beliefs Search: NoCommitment: Yes

32. Identity diffusion - no crisis yet - no commitment yet Search: NoCommitment: No

33. 12 Identity 68% Diffusion Foreclosure32% Moratorium---- Identity---- Achievement

34. 1218 Identity 68%50% Diffusion Foreclosure32%25% Moratorium---- 4% Identity----20% Achievement

35. 121824 Identity 68%50%25% Diffusion Foreclosure32%25% 9% Moratorium---- 4%14% Identity----20%60% Achievement

36. Cultural Identity: Minority cultures: Maintain own identity Blend into dominant culture Adolescence: confront own ethnicity & majority view

37. Lack of successful role models => identify with majority But better adjustment if identify with own ethnic culture