1. Animal detection Systems Effectiveness Types Design Issues Implementation Applications Costs Operation & Maintenance

2. Effectivness

3. System Types Break the Beam

4. Area Coverage Detection

5. Design Issues ( Site Suitability)

6. Designing for Success

7. Implementation Pros: Safe crossing Less restrictive to wildlife movement No major Road Construction Less Expensive Cons: Only large Animals Some Only at night Ten years as compared to 20-30 Equipment in RofW Still some AVC

8. Applications

9. Costs $65,000/mile *–stand alone $20,000 *for a gap in a fence excluding installation and signage and wildlife fencing

10. , Problems and Experience with operations. Area cover systems Break-the- beam system Geo-phone system Radio-collar system False positives High, moving or wet vegetation Flying birds, nesting birds, rabbits Wind, rain, water, fog, snow spray, falling leaves Snow and ice accumulation on sensors or ground () Microwave radio signal reflection off guard rail Sun, heat, unstable sensors Insufficient ventilation in box (fog on lens) ()

11. Problems and Experience with operations Area cover systems Break-the- beam system Geo-phone system Radio-collar system False positives Frost, low temperatures Lightning ()() Long distance between transmitter and receiver Traffic on road () Traffic on driveways or side road () Passing trains Signals from other transmitters

12. Problems and Experience with operations False negatives Area Coverage Break the beam Geo- phoneRadio collar Curves, slopes not covered by sensors () Loitering animals in right-of-way not detected ()() None of the individuals that cross have collars Not feasible for non-gregarious species/migrants Insufficient warning time () Some systems are only active during the night

13. Problems and Experience with operations 4 Maintenance Area Coverage Break the beam Geo phoneRadio collar Maintenance costs (e.g., mowing, power, fences) ()() Shade/snow on solar panels ()() Vandalism and theft of e.g. solar panels ()() Safety (cars of road) ()() Broken sensors, warning lights or other material () Period required to solve technical difficulties Signs (standardization, liability) No remote access to data (poor cell phone coverage) ()()

14. Problems and Experience with operations Landscape, ecology, animals Area Coverage Break the Beam Geo phoneRadio Collars Landscape aesthetics ()() Animals crossing areas may change overtime ()() Animals may wander between fences (if present) () Small animals are not detected Continuous effort to capture animals Stress for the animals involved Not in habitat linkage zones (light disturbance) 1